Transcript Age of Exploration and Isolation

An Age of Explorations and
Isolation
1400-1800
Chapter 19
p. 526-548
Background
By 1400, Europeans were ready to
venture beyond their borders
• Renaissance encouraged a new
spirit of adventure and curiosity
• Printing press spread ideas and
new maps and charts
I. Causes of European Exploration
#1- New Trade Routes
•
People want wealth; achieve that through
trade
 Traded spices (nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon,


pepper)
Introduced during Crusades; people still
demanded goods once wars ended
Demand greater than supply= high prices
Causes of European Exploration
(cont’d)
• Trade routes controlled by Italians and
Muslims
 Muslims sold Asian goods to Italians
 Italian merchants resold items at increased prices
to merchants throughout Europe
 Other traders did NOT like this and wanted new
routes that bypassed Italian merchants
Causes of European Exploration
(cont’d)
#2- Spread Christianity
• Crusades left hostility between Christians and
Muslims
• Europeans believed they
had a sacred duty to
continue fighting Muslims
and to convert non-Christians
Causes of European Exploration
(cont’d)
• Bartolomeu Dias: early Portuguese explorer
“For God, Glory, and Gold”
(”To serve God and His majesty, to give light to
those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all
men desire to do.”)
Causes of European Exploration
(cont’d)
#3- New Exploration Technologies
• Caravel: stronger, sturdier ship with triangular sails
(adopted from Arabs); made it possible to sail against
the wind
• Astrolabe: brass circle w/ carefully
adjusted rings marked off in
degrees; used to calculate latitude
(perfected by Muslims)
• Compass: magnetically tracked
direction (Chinese invention)
II. Portugal leads the way
A.
Portugal was 1st to establish
trading outposts along the
west coast of Africa
B.
Prince Henry: son of
Portugal’s king
•
•
Nation’s most enthusiastic
supporter of exploration
Conquered Muslim city in
North Africa where he
discovered exotic wealth
never found in Europe
(cinnamon, cloves, pepper,
silver, gold, jewels.
Portugal leads the way (cont’d)
• Henry determined to
find the source of that
wealth
• 1419 he founded a
navigation school in
Portugal
(mapmakers,
shipbuilders, scientists,
and sea captains,
gathered there to
perfect their trade)
Portugal leads the way (cont’d)
• By Henry’s death,
Portugal held a series
of trading posts along
western African
shores.
 Traded for gold and
ivory
 Eventually, they traded
for African captives
(slaves)
 Next, Portugal searched
for a trade route to Asia
Portugal leads the way (cont’d)
C. Portugal secures a Sea Route to Asia
1. Bartolomeu Dias
• 1488 Sailed down w. coast of Africa
where he reached the tip
• Huge storm arose, battered ships
• Realized his ships were blown around the tip
• Explored SE coast but crew was exhausted so
they returned home
Portugal leads the way (cont’d)
2. Vasco da Gama
• 1498 began exploring east African coast
• Reached Calicut (SW coast of India)
• Amazed by spices, rare silks, precious gems
• Filled boats with goods and returned to Portugal
where they sold them for 60 times the cost of
the voyage
• Da Gama’s voyage of 27,000 miles gave Portugal
a direct sea route to India
III. Spain also makes claim
A. Christopher
Columbus
•
1492 he convinced
Spain (although he
was Italian) to pay
for his plan to find a
trade route to Asia by
sailing west across
the Atlantic Ocean
Spain also makes claim (cont’d)
• October 1492: landed on a Caribbean Island
which he mistook for the East Indies (AKA Indonesia.)
Immediate impact of Columbus: Increased
tension between Spain and Portugal.
Spain also makes claim (cont’d)
B. Spain vs. Portugal
•
Portugal believed
Spain reached Asia
and that Columbus
claimed lands that
the Portuguese
might have reached
first.
•
Pope Alexander VI
divided the land
between the 2
nations
Spain also makes claim (cont’d)
• He drew the Line of Demarcation: imaginary
North/South line that gave lands on the east
to Portugal (light green) and the lands on the
west to Spain
• 1494 Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of
Tordesillas: they agreed to honor the line.
IV. Trading Empires in the Indian
Ocean
With new trade routes came conflict.
European nations scrambled to establish
profitable trading posts as they battle
natives and each other
Trading Empires in the Indian
Ocean (cont’d)
A. Portugal
•
Built huge trading empire by capturing many
Muslim owned lands (w/ help from cannons
mounted on their ships)
 (Straits of Hormuz, Goa, Strait of Malacca, Spice

Islands)
By capturing these Muslim owned lands, the
Portuguese broke the Italian-Muslim domination
of trade and sold goods at 1/5 the cost.
Trading Empires in the Indian
Ocean (cont’d)
B. English and Dutch
•
•
•
1600 they began to challenge Portugal
Dutch owned the largest fleet of ships with
20,000 vessels
Both formed East India Company to
establish and direct trade throughout Asia.
Also could mint money, make treaties, and
raise armies.
Trading Empires in the Indian
Ocean (cont’d)
•
•
Dutch East India Company eventually drove
out the English and established dominance
over the region
By 1700, Dutch ruled much of Indonesia,
the Spice Islands, and the Cape of Good
Hope
Trading Empires in the Indian
Ocean (cont’d)
C. French
•
•
Established its own East India Company
It struggled at first, faced attacks from the
Dutch, eventually est. output in India
*Although Europeans took control of many port
cities their influence rarely spread beyond
the ports.
V. China: Ming Dynasty
Europeans had ports all over the Indian and
Asian coasts and were now looking for
more sources of wealth.
They found it in China, then Japan.
By 1514 the Chinese had driven out the
Mongol rulers and had united under new
leadership: the Ming Dynasty
China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)
A. Ming Dynasty: dominant power in Asia
from 1368-1644
• Hongwu: commanded a rebel army
that drove out the Mongols in 1368
and became the 1st Ming Emperor
 Promoted reforms to restore agricultural lands
destroyed by war, erase all trace of Mongols, &
promote China’s power and prosperity
China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)
• Hongwu eventually dies, his son (Yonglo)
takes over. He was very curious of the
world so he launched 7 voyages of
exploration.
• Zheng He led all 7 voyages
 40 to 300 ships made the voyages: fighting ships,
storage vessels, and “treasure” ships (400 ft long!)
 Carried soldiers, sailors, interpreters, accountants,
doctors, and religious leaders.
China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)
• Zheng He showed superiority by leaving
silver and silk as gifts
• More than 16 countries paid tribute to
China
• Officials complained it was a waste and
the voyages ceased after the 7th in 1433
China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)
B. China’s trade policies reflected isolation
• Only government officials were allowed
to conduct foreign trade through 3
coastal ports
• However, smuggling went on up and
down the ports
VI. China: Qing Dynasty
A. Manchus: people of Manchuria (west of
the Great Wall) invaded China and took
over the Ming (had ruled for 200 yrs)
•
•
Qing Dynasty: name taken of the Manchus
as they ruled for 260 yrs
Expanded China’s borders to include Taiwan,
Chinese central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet
China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)
B. Rebellions
•
Many Chinese resisted the non-Chinese Manchus
and rebellions flared up for decades
C. Improvements
•
•
•
Manchus made frontiers safe
Restored China’s prosperity
While keeping Confucian beliefs and social
structures
China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)
D. Rulers
•
Kangxi: Qing Emperor 1661-1722
 Reduced govt.
expenses
 Lowered taxes
 Patron of the arts
 Welcomed the Jesuits who told them
of science, medicine, mathematics,
etc. in Europe
China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)
• Qian-long:
 Kangxi grandson
 China reached its greatest size and prosperity
China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)
E. Chinese continue isolation
•
•
China, center of universe
If foreigners wanted to trade, they had to
follow the Chinese rules
 Special ports & tribute
 Dutch followed the rules
 Dutch returned w/ many
trade items including a new
one…TEA.
 By 1800 tea made up 80% of shipments to Europe
China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)
• British also wanted to trade, but didn’t like the
rules
 1793 Lord Macartney of England delivered a letter
from the king asking for better arrangements
 Qian-long declined
 This leads to problems later
VII. Life in the Ming and Qing
Dynasties
A. Role of Family
•
•
•
•
Most farmed
Agriculture improved b/c of irrigation and
fertilizers
This caused increase in food production
Thus, an increase in population
Life in the Ming and Qing Dynasties
(cont’d)
• Favored sons over daughters
• Only son could perform religious rituals
• Sons raised families under parents roofs
(remember that they took care of aging
parents!)
• Women worked the fields, took care of the
children's education, and managed the
finances
Life in the Ming and Qing Dynasties
(cont’d)
B. Cultural Developments
•
•
•
•
Traditional Chinese fiction
written at this time
Artists painted in traditional
style
Experimentation in ceramics
led to high-quality, including
porcelain
Drama very popular
VIII. Japan’s 3 Daimyo
Background
In the 1300s Japan had developed unity under the
Shoguns (military rulers). In 1467, civil war
shattered Japan’s feudal system and the country
slipped into chaos as violent disorder followed.
AKA-”Warring States” period. Eventually
powerful samurais gained control and offered
protection to peasants in return for loyalty. Their
new system of feudalism resembled that in
Europe, with castles, small armies, and now,
muskets.
Japan’s 3 Daimyo (cont’d)
Daimyo: warrior chieftains who become lords in Japan
A. Oda Nobunaga: brutal and ambitious daimyo who
hoped to gain enough power to take the whole
country.
•
•
•
•
Seized the capital in 1568
“rule the empire by force”
1st to use muskets in Japanese battle
1582 committed seppuku (ritual of
suicide of a samurai) when one of his
own generals turned on him
Japan’s 3 Daimyo (cont’d)
B. Toyotomi Hideyoshi: Nobunaga’s best
general, continued his mission of
destroying the daimyo that remained
hostile
• By 1590 he controlled most of Japan
• Wanted to conquer China, so sent troops
•
to Korea (allies with Ming)
Hideyoshi died 1598, troops w/drew from
Korea
Japan’s 3 Daimyo (cont’d)
C. Tokugawa Ieyasu:
completed the unification
of Japan
•
•
•
•
1600, defeated rivals
Became sole ruler of Japan
Tamed the daimyo at the local level by requiring
them to spend every other year in the capital
Founded Tokugawa Shogunate: dynasty of shoguns
that ruled Japan until 1876
IX. Life in Japan
A. Society
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
• Very structured
Emperor (figure-head)
Shogun: military commander who actually held
power
Daimyo: powerful landholding samurai
Samurai Warriors
Peasants and Artisans
Merchants; eventually became more important as
Japan’s economy expanded
Life in Japan (cont’d)
• Confucian values influenced ideas about
society
– Depended on agriculture
– Peasants made ideal citizens, bore majority of
tax burden
– Many left farming and tried to make it as
samurais, artisans, and merchants
– By 1700s, Japan began to shift from rural to
urban society
Life in Japan (cont’d)
B. Culture
•
•
•
Samurai attended dramas
Read tales of courage
New literature, drama, and art emerge
 Haiku: 5-7-5 syllable, 3-line verse poetry
•
Presents images rather than ideas
 Kabuki: type of drama where music, dance, and
mime are used to present stories
Life in Japan (cont’d)
C. Contact between Japan and Europe
•
Europeans began coming to Japan in the
16th century and were welcomed
 Shipwrecked Portuguese washed up on their

shores
Brought clocks, eyeglasses, tobacco, firearms, &
other unfamiliar items
 Daimyo very interested in firearms (traditional weapon
was sword). They wanted every advantage over others
 Many samurai kept the traditional sword and lost badly
in battle
Life in Japan (cont’d)
• Christians in Japan
 1549 Christian missionaries arrived in Japan
 Japanese accepted them b/c they associated them
with goods from Europe
 Converted over 300,000 Japanese
 Tokugawa Ieyasu upset b/c these Christians
scorned Japanese beliefs & involved themselves in
politics
 Didn’t do anything b/c he didn’t want to drive off the
new merchants
Life in Japan (cont’d)
 Ieyasu died in 1616
 In 1637, 30,000 peasants revolted against the
Shogunate.
b/c so many rebels were Christian, they blamed
them for the rebellion
After that, they ruthlessly persecuted Christians
and forced Japanese to demonstrate Buddhism
* This led to Japanese exclusion policy!
X. Japan’s Closed Country Policy
• At first, Japan welcomed new trade
• Over time, they realized they could safely
exclude both missionaries and merchants
• 1639 they sealed their borders and
instituted their “Closed Country Policy”
– Only ONE port, Nagasaki, remained open to
Chinese and Dutch.
Japan’s Closed Country Policy
(cont’d)
• For 200 yrs, Japan remained basically closed
to Europeans.
• AND Japanese were forbidden to leave!
• Japan went on to develop self-sufficiently,
free of European attempts to colonize