Transcript An Age of Explorations and Isolation ch 3 unit 1x

Unit 1- Connecting Hemispheres
Background
By 1400, Europeans were ready to
venture beyond their borders
 Renaissance encouraged a new
spirit of adventure and curiosity
 Printing press spread ideas and
new maps and charts
Why Expand: God, Gold and Glory
 Desire to find new trade routes
 Europeans want “luxury items”: spices, silks, etc.

European nations wanted to break the Muslim World and the
Italian control over this trade
 Felt it was their duty to Christianize others
New Technologies
• Caravel: stronger, sturdier ship with triangular sails
(adopted from Arabs); made it possible to sail against
the wind
• Astrolabe: brass circle w/ carefully
adjusted rings marked off in
degrees; used to calculate latitude
(perfected by Muslims)
• Compass: magnetically tracked
direction (Chinese invention)
Portugal leads the way
Portugal was 1st to
establish trading
outposts along the
west coast of Africa
Prince Henry of
Portugal- Henry the
Navigator
 1419: Founded a
navigation school
Portuguese Navigators
Bartolomeu Dias
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1488 Sailed down west coast of Africa
where he reached the tip
Huge storm arose, battered ships; realized his ships were blown
around the tip
Explored SE coast but crew was exhausted so they returned home
Vasco da Gama
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14978-98 began exploring east African coast
Reached Calicut (SW coast of India)
Returned to Portugal where their cargo sold for 60 times more
than cost of the voyage
Da Gama’s voyage of 27,000 miles gave Portugal a direct sea route to
India
Spanish Explorer- Christopher
Columbus
 1492 makes voyage for Spain (although he was from Genoa)
to find a trade route to Asia by sailing west across the
Atlantic Ocean
 October 1492: landed on a Caribbean Island which he
mistook for the East Indies
Immediate impact of Columbus: Increased tension between
Spain and Portugal.
Tensions!!!
• To ease tensions Pope Alexander VI drew the Line of
Demarcation: imaginary North/South line that gave
lands on the east to Portugal (light green) and the lands
on the west to Spain
• 1494 Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas
where they agreed to honor the line.
Jigsaw: Trading Empires in the
Indian Ocean
 Each group will receive one of the European countries that
were attempting to establish trade empires in the Indian
Ocean.
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Portugal
Spain
Britain (England)
Dutch Republic (Netherlands)
France
 In your graphic organizer note when they came to the area,
where they went, what they established
 Raise your hand and I will check your organizer
 When time to work is up each group will receive one
person from each group so you can all finish your organizer
Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean
Portugal
Built huge trading empire by
capturing many Muslim
owned lands (w/ help from
cannons mounted on their
ships)
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(Straits of Hormuz, Goa,
Strait of Malacca, Spice
Islands)
By capturing these Muslim owned
lands, the Portuguese broke
the Italian-Muslim
domination of trade and sold
goods at 1/5 the cost.
Continued…
Spain
 1521 Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines
 Spain begins settling there in 1565
England and the Dutch Republic (Netherlands)

1600 they began to challenge Portugal
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Dutch owned the largest fleet of ships with 20,000 vessels
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Both formed East India Company to establish and direct trade
throughout Asia. Also could mint money, make treaties, and
raise armies.

Dutch: take Java, Malacca, Spice Islands-throughout 1600s take
over trade; by 1700 controlled Cape of Good Hope
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England: by 1700 focus on India
France: est. an EIC, has post in India by the 1720s
How did technology enable
Europeans to explore the world?
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644
 Hongwu (peasant) drove
Mongols out of China became
emperor
 Reforms: restore war-torn
farmlands, erase traces of
Mongols, return to Confucian
morals, restore merit based
civil service tests
 Yonglo (son) becomes emperor
1402-1424 (capital Beijing)
 1405 launched 1st of 7 sea
voyages of exploration
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Wants trade and tribute
Voyages of Zheng He
 7 voyages
 Went to west coast of Africa and throughout Southeast Asia
 Gave gifts to people to show Chinese superiority
 16 countries sent back tribute
 After 7th in 1433 voyages end, China isolates themselves and
fights Northern “barbarians”
Relations with Foreigners
 Only gov’t could conduct foreign trade and only through 3
ports: Canton, Macao, Ningbo
 However smuggling took place- foreigners paid with silver

Result- Chinese manufacturing increases but no major
industrialization
 Why?
 Commerce offended Confucian principles
 Most favored agriculture/ taxes high on manufactured goods
 Missionaries came- bring Christianity and knowledge of
science
 Matteo Ricci (Jesuit)
Qing Dynasty
 Founded by Manchus from Manchuria
1644- overthrew Ming
 Ended rebellions by enforcing
Confucian ideas, making China safe
and increasing prosperity of the people
 1661 Kangxi becomes emperor until
1722
 Reduced gov’t spending and taxation,
patron of the arts, had Jesuits and
intellectuals at court
 His grandson Qian-long (1736-1795)
increased China to its greatest size
Qing Continued Isolation
Saw China as the center of the universe
•
If foreigners wanted to trade, they had to follow the
Chinese rules
Special ports, tribute, and kowtow
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Dutch followed the rules
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Dutch returned w/ many
trade items including a new
one…TEA. By 1800 tea made up 80% of shipments to Europe
British wanted to trade, but didn’t like the rules
 1793 Lord Macartney of England delivered a letter from the king
asking for better arrangements- Qian-long declined
Leads to problems later…
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•
Ming/Qing controlled Korea
 Vassal state
 Paid tribute
 Isolated
 Adopted many Chinese
cultural ideas:
Confucian values,
Chinese technology
 Chinese rule increased
Korean nationalism
Life in Ming/Qing China
 Food production increased under Qing=population
explosion
 Females not valued- sometimes killed
 Work the fields, educate kids, manage $, some midwives
and textile workers
 Cultural dvlpmts Traditional crafts
 Dramas of history and heroes
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Leads to unity/understood by people who can’t read
Why do you think the Ming and Qing
dynasties chose to isolate China from
Europe?
How did they do so?
Establishment of the Emperor
 Earliest Japanese society was structured by clans; by
400 AD several clans merge and headed by the Tenno
clan establish the 1st and only dynasty; present
emperor claims descendant of this clan
Emperor
Jimmu
Emperor
Akihito
Samurai!!!
 1100s emperor’s power weaken, noble
families control their own areas by using
the samurai
 warrior knights
 System of feudalism emerges
 Local rulers oversee their area but are
bound to higher lords who in turn are
bound to the emperor
 1192 emperor gives the title of shogun to
the most powerful samurai
 Chief general of the army
Rise of the Shogunate
 1467-1568 “Warring States” period, constant state of war;
strong military leaders manage to unify Japan by 1590s
 Oda Nobunaga-powerful daimyo takes control of the
country

Greatest samurai, feudal landlord
 Emperor becomes a figurehead
 Tries to eliminate enemies- 1575: 3000 soldiers w/ muskets
crush a samurai calvary-1st time muskets were used effectively
in a Japanese battle
 Nobunaga was not able to unify Japan; commits seppuku
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Ritual suicide
 Toyotomi Hideyoshi takes over by 1590 unites most of
Japan, 1592 invades Korea, dies 1598 and Japan w/d from
Korea
Tokugawa Shogunate Unites Japan
 1600 Tokugawa shogunate est. by Tokugawa Ieyasu,
lasts till 1868
 Makes Edo (present day- Tokyo) capital
 Feudal classes left alone, but the daimyo are held
virtually hostage to the shogun
 Greatest samurai, feudal landlord
 Daimyo have “alternate attendance policy”
 Under the Tokugawa Japan will enter a period of
Isolationism
Isolation
 Shipwrecked sailors from Portugal (1543) welcomed;
merchants come after
 Japanese interest in guns, tobacco, clocks, et
 Missionaries arrive 1549
 1st led by Jesuit: Francis Xavier
 By 1600 converted 300,000- upsets Ieyasu
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1612 bans Christianity- fear of religious uprising
Ieyasu dies 1616; uprising 1637 by 30,000 peasants blamed on
Christians
 1639- Closed Country Policy
 One port open- Nagasaki (only to Dutch and Chinese)
Life in Tokugawa Japan
 Food increased= pop. Increase
 Due to stability and isolation
 Most were peasants- 4/5th : life was hard
 Confucian ideas- ideal society is agricultural
 Mid 1700s- people move from rural to urban areas
 Women had jobs in entertainment, textiles, publishing; most
still at home
 Culture Traditional and changing in the cities
 Haiku: 5-7-5 syllable, 3 line poem (images rather than ideas)
 Kabuki- very dramatic theater
SHOGUN
(Military
Ruler)
DAIMYO
(Lord)
SAMURAI
(Warriors)
FARMERS
ARITSANS & MERCHANTS