Transcript New World Africa Europe

What is the best way to take notes
on pages you are required to read?
1. Read the title of the section. (Turn to
page 3: “Native American Histories Before
Conquest.”)
2. Turn the “title” into a question. “What
was life like for Native Americans before
their encounter with the Europeans?”
3. With the question in mind, read and take
notes!
4. Now you try! (Collaborate in your group.)
My notes:



The NA inhabited the Americas long
before European exploration began
(before Columbus arrived in 1492).
The NA migrated by way of the Bering
Strait, a land bridge connecting Asia &
North America during the Ice Age, a place
called Beringia.
This migration didn’t happen all at once;
instead these Natives moved in small
bands or groups. They were nomadic and
settled where they could find food.



Survival was their goal which meant they
had to adapt to their environment.
These bands of Natives did not carry
communicable diseases and their isolation
from each other prevented them from
building up an immunity to disease which
would be a major problem for them when
they encountered the Europeans.
The encounter between the NA & the
Europeans was one of death and disease!
When studying history, you must
understand the following concepts:
Social Structures:
“Social” implies people
Economic Structures:
implies trading, buying & selling, bartering,
economic system
Political Structures:
implies government, rights, freedoms
Institutions: such as religion, education, culture,
custom, behavior, law, marriage, etc.
Video Notes
FYI: You will need to know a little about the
following regions and tribes.
•
•
•
•
•
Northeast: Iroquois, Algonquin
Southeast: home to the 5 civilized tribes
Southwest: Pueblo
Northwest: Chinook
Great Plains: Plains Indians who responded to
the lack of natural resources in the Great Basin
and the western Great Plains by developing
largely mobile lifestyles (nomadic).
General characteristics of the Native Americans
•
•
•
•
•
Some societies developed a mixed agricultural and huntergatherer economy that favored the development of
permanent villages. Ex: Iroquois, Algonquin
Division of labor: women cultivated maize, farmed;
men hunted & fished
Social diversification – engaged in a variety of
economic activities in order to survive
Lacked unity
Social status defined through kinship; ex: Native
Americans living in the areas colonized by the English
were matrilineal; another way an individual's prestige
and rank were determined was by the quantities of
material possessions he could give away (Ex: Chinook)
Characteristics continued
Leaders were renowned public speakers, sometimes
the only way to gain the support of their people
• Fought with other tribes to exact revenge or to gain
captives but seldom genocidal in nature
 Organized diplomacy, trade, and war around
reciprocal relationships, viewed by Europeans as
egalitarian (equality among all people) &
democratic (in the interest of all people).
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?
Diplomacy – the “conduct” of government officials
when negotiating
Reciprocal – mutual
•

Developed new food sources: “MAIZE”
The cultivation of maize began in present-day
Mexico (Pueblo Indians) but spread to the
Northeast (Iroquois, Algonguin) and beyond
resulting in economic development & social
diversification among societies in these areas just
as a mix of foraging & hunting did in the NW &
parts of California (Chinook).
Iroquois
•
•
•
•
•
Traded with the Algonquin but also fought against
them
Encountered the Pilgrims
Cleared the land, planted crops, used the wood to
build houses & to make tools
Division of labor: women planted and gathered
(harvested crops); men hunted and fished
Their social structure was matrilineal: meaning
kinship through the female line; women “owned” the
land and houses, maintained customs, and
participated in government
Iroquois League





Also called the Iroquois Confederacy or
the Five nations
consisted of 5 Indian nations who were
feared by all other tribes in the NE
Formed between 1570 and 1600 to put an
end to constant warfare among the tribes
& to provide a united force to withstand
invasion.
Was governed by a council made up of
clan & village chiefs
Voting in the council was by tribe & a
unanimous vote was required to declare
war
Impact of the Iroquois League on European
colonization



The Iroquois traded beaver for firearms with the Europeans
and became important in the rivalry between the French &
British colonists.
The confederacy was officially recognized by the British in
1722 and survived for more than 200 years.
Ben Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union was modeled after the
League. In 1754, delegates from 7 English colonies convened
at Albany, NY to work out a unified effort in the northern
colonies for a permanent union of the colonies (intercolonial
cooperation). Called for a grand council of delegates from
each colony, elected by their colonial legislatures. Purpose of
union was to deal with common problems (Native Americans,
westward expenses, common defense, taxation to pay for
the military). Plan was rejected but it did provide a model for
the later government of the US.
Algonquins
made up of numerous tribes located from the coast of
NC to Maine
• lived in different regions and spoke different dialects,
making communication among tribes difficult and
prevented any type of unity; therefore they looked out
for their own best interests which meant they often
allied w/the Europeans rather than other native
groups, which the Europeans exploited and
purposefully created problems among native groups.
•
Why was it important for Europeans to
forge alliances with the Native Americans?

At first the NA outnumbered the
Europeans and it made it possible for the
Europeans to gain hold of the land more
easily.
The Pueblo




Settled in present-day New Mexico
At first converted to Catholicism because the Franciscan friars
(members of the Roman Catholic Church associated with St.
Francis) controlled valuable tools & equipment and offered
protection from other Native American tribes in the area but
due to widespread sickness and drought, the Pueblos began to
resist these efforts & to return to traditional religious practices
which was seen as witchcraft by the Spanish.
Revolt of 1680 or the Pueblo Revolt – the Pueblo forced
the Spanish from their land; the Spanish had built outposts
(forts) along the Rio Grande; was one of the most successful
Native American wars of resistance in North American history
In the 1700s they again accepted Spanish rule to gain
protection from neighboring tribes (Apache), became Catholics,
acknowledged Spanish authority, but governed their own local
affairs.
The Pueblo continued



Cultivators of corn
Environment: subdesert (less arid –
extremely dry - than a typical desert)
Built homes of adobe brick on high mesas
(flat) or cracks in cliffs to protect
themselves from neighboring tribes
The Chinook
* Settled on the NW coast and areas of California
fished, hunted small game, traded (Columbia River –
a rich source of salmon) shells for hair & clothing
accents
• Developed a rich civilization: built plank houses and
canoes, worked extensively in wood and formed a
complex social and political organization (potlatches
an individual's prestige and rank were determined by
the quantities of material possessions
he could give away
• Resisted the invasion by the whites
but eventually were forced onto
reservations (1880s)
The New AP Test Format

Part B – Short-answer questions will
directly address one or more of the
thematic learning objectives for the
course.
Thematic Learning Objectives








The content learning objectives for the AP U.S. History course
and exam are organized under seven themes, which are topics
of historical inquiry to explore throughout the AP U.S. History
course.
Identity
Work, exchange, and technology
Peopling
Politics and power
America in the world
Environment and geography — physical and human
Ideas, beliefs, and culture
New AP Test Format
Section
Question Type
Number of
Questions
Part A: Multiple55 questions
choice questions
I
II
Part B: Shortanswer
questions
Part A:
Documentbased question
Part B: Long
essay question
Timing
Percentage of
Total Exam
Score
55 minutes
40%
4 questions
50 minutes
20%
1 question
55 minutes
25%
1 question
35 minutes
15%
Short-Answer Questions

Each question will ask students to identify
and analyze examples of historical
evidence relevant to the source or
question.
Lack of understanding: Different legal
systems, different punishments
Evidence: A Native American murders
an Englishman. Who has the authority to
punish the offender and what will the
punishment be? Both the Native Americans
& the English feel they have the authority.
Whereas the punishment by the Native
Americans is 100 arms length of Roanoke
(beads used for money), whereas the
punishment probably would have been
death according to the English.
Different perspectives.
Evidence: Europeans saw the Natives as
savages and uncivilized.
WHY? The Native Americans were not out to
make progress, to gain economically from
the land which was the motive of the
Europeans. According to the Europeans,
land = wealth and power! Also, they way
they dressed, lived, and their polytheistic
beliefs.
Ethnocentric Europeans (the belief that your
ethnic group or culture is superior) tried to
“civilize” the NAs. They wanted the NAs to dress
like them, attend white schools, live in permanent
structures & accept Christianity. The NAs
rejected these changes.
NAs did not try to change the Europeans and
therefore did not understand why the Europeans
wanted to change them so badly.
NA women rejected Christianity because their
belief in polygamy gave them authority over the
distribution of food within the village.
Intermarriage – The English frowned upon it, but the
French and Spanish accepted it. The European
partner would live among the NAs.
Europeans did try to enslave the Native Americans,
but they fought back which was one reason
Europeans looked for another source of labor.
Trade caused the NAs to go into debt which
made them have to hunt more and further
reduce the population of the animals they
were dependent on.
Conflict between the two groups meant
suspension of trade and the NAs had
become dependent on the items they
received from the Europeans.
Disease ultimately destroyed many NA tribes
as did alcoholism.
In Summary…



Early Native American societies grew in
number as they adapted to their
environment.
Each band developed their own economic
systems, religious beliefs, social system,
political system, and culture.
While there were over 300 different
languages spoken, trading was
understood by all.
The Discovery of the New World



Did Columbus discover the New World in
1492?
Rather than a discovery, the Europeans
under Columbus actually brought into
contact 3 “old” worlds – Europe, Africa, &
America.
This contact is often called the Columbian
Exchange.
Spanish Exploration





Spain was the #1 world power by 1500. How did
this happen? The uniting of monarchs – Ferdinand
& Isabella – created a centralized political
authority. (Nation Building)
Motives: God, gold, glory
Ferdinand & Isabella financed Columbus and his
voyages
St. Augustine – the first permanent European
settlement; a defensive base to ensure the safety
of ships traveling from Cuba to Spain
The Spanish intermarried with the Native
Americans; were more tolerant of racial
differences.
Spanish Exploration cont.



Established missions to spread Catholicism
Bartolome de Las Casas, a Spanish priest who sought to
convert Native Americans to Catholicism; reported that
from 1494 to 1508 over 3 million (not an accurate count)
had died from war, slavery, and the mines, with most
having died from diseases (smallpox)
The Spanish gained a lot of wealth which led to inflation.
The money (wealth) was used to fund wars and not
invest or industrialize so Spain became dependent on
bullion (gold & silver) from the Americas. This misuse of
funds led to their downfall.
conquistadors




Spanish for conqueror
Conquistadors sought instant glory & wealth.
Conquistadors did not want to establish
permanent settlements.
To gain control over the conquistadors, Isabella
& Ferdinand granted Indian villages (land) to the
conquistadors and gave them the right to use
the Native Americans as laborers; basically
exploiting the Native Americans. (the
encomienda system)
Amerigo Vespucci



An Italian explorer who explored the coast
of South America; like other explorers,
Vespucci sought to prove that Columbus
had discovered a “New World”
Sailed for the Portuguese on his 2nd
voyage. He described his travels and was
the first to identify the New World of
North and South America as separate from
Asia.
America was named after him
Key Concept: European overseas expansion resulted in
the Columbian Exchange, a series of interactions and
adaptations among societies across the Atlantic.
New World
Africa
Maize/corn
slaves
Potatoes
Tobacco
tomatoes
vanilla
Cacao (kuh kah oh)
Europe
sugar
horses, 1547
pigs, cattle
diseases
the wheel
firearms
New Spain
Rivalry


Spain & Portugal were rivals; began claiming each
other’s lands which resulted in the Pope issuing the
Treaty of Tordesillas which established the Line of
Demarcation.
All the land east of the line could be claimed by Portugal
and all the land west of the line could be claimed by
Spain.
LINE OF
DEMARCATION
Africa


1st explored by the Portuguese who were
looking for gold and for slaves
The Portuguese were also the first to
explore the Americas, searching for a
water route to Asia

Spanish & Portuguese exploration &
conquest of the Americas led to
widespread deadly epidemics, the
emergence of racially mixed populations,
and a caste system defined by an
intermixture among Spanish settlers,
Africans, and Native Americans (Mestizo –
a person of combined European & NA
descent)
French Exploration





Explorers lacked support and adequate
funding from the French crown.
Motives: wealth, spread Christianity
Became economic partners with the Native
Americans (fur trade)
Established settlements in New Orleans/LA,
Canada – New France (Old Northwest
territory)
Few colonists, mostly men; built forts rather
than establish colonies
New France
From
Louisiana
to Canada
English Exploration






England & Spain were rivals.
Saw Native Americans as obstacles.
Established independent farms.
John Cabot – the 1st to explore for
England (Hudson Bay area) was looking
for a NW passage
Exploration began under Elizabeth I
Sea dogs/privateers/pirates – Sir Francis
Drake, Sir John Hawkins – seized Spanish
treasure ships





Spanish Armada 1588 – English defeated it; set the
way for the English to explore.
First took over Ireland which shaped their way of
colonizing and how they would treat the Native
Americans. Taught them how to take lands and
control the people.
Encounter w/Native Americans – conquer & remake
The Lost Colony (Sir Walter Raleigh) – 2 attempts
were made to establish a colony in Roanoke which
was doomed for failure from the start because it was
difficult to reach & England was dealing with Spain
and the Armada and Queen Elizabeth didn’t want to
alienate Philip II unnecessarily by sponsoring a colony
on land long ago claimed by Spain.
Jamestown – 1st permanent English colony, 1607
Reasons to Explore









Adventure
Wealth
God, gold, glory (Spanish)
A new start in life
Find a Northwest passage to Asia (common
among all Europeans)
To colonize
To establish an empire
To spread Christianity
For religious freedom
Factors that “enabled” Europeans to
explore (p. 16)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Technology & knowledge – printing press, improved
maps (cartography), knew the world was round
Political authority was more centralized – new
monarchs – the rise of nation states to replace
kingdoms, thus ending feudalism
The Renaissance – took place 1350-1550; the rebirth of
learning which sparked curiosity & sparked a
communications revolution – new inventions**
Growth in population – led to the rise in the price of
land
The demand for luxury goods
Europe became more prosperous
The Renaissance
1350-1550








New technology/innovations such as:
Cartography
Compass – now they knew which direction their ship was
moving
Astrolabe – used the sun or a star to determine latitude
Lateen or triangular sails
Caravels – ships that were easy to maneuver & could carry
cannon
Gunpowder (China) led to the development of cannon &
muskets so explorers no longer feared hostile natives in
strange lands
Printing press (1440s) – led to the wide distribution of maps,
sea charts, travelers’ tales; increased geographic knowledge
& aroused curiosity about distant countries