Transcript Unit 1 Notes

Age of Exploration & Settlement
Talking Points
AHSGE Terms
 Crusades
 Renaissance
 Columbian Exchange
 Conquistador
 St. Augustine
Who were the
st
1
Americans?
Scientists believe that the 1st people arrived in
America between 15,000 and 30,000 years ago
(Who Knows???????)
• DNA indicates the 1st Americans came from Asia
• Ice Age-Earth began to cool; glaciers formed
•
• Beringia-land bridge that was formed
between Asia and America where nomads
began to cross as they hunted large animals,
such as the wooly mammoth
•Pre-Columbian
time period.
•First Americans
came from Asia
•Crossed the
Bering Strait
during the Ice
Age
•Following a
food source
•Gradual
migration
Agricultural Revolution
 The people of America were nomads (moved from place to
place hunting and gathering food)
 This would change during the Agricultural Revolution
 People began to stay in one place to tend to their crops
 Led to:
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1st permanent villages
New technologies (tools for cutting, digging, etc.)
More complex governments formed
Social classes formed
People learned specialized skills
America’s 1st civilizations emerged
 Distinct trade, government, arts, science, and written language
Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica
1.
Olmec-1st civilization on
the American continent
(1200 B.C.)
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Located around south
central Mexico near
present-day Veracruz
Had large villages,
temples, pyramids, and
monuments
Grew maize (corn)
Polytheistic (worshipped
many gods
Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica
2. Maya-emerged
around Mexico’s
Yucatan Peninsula
(A.D. 200)
 Known for their talent
in engineering and
mathematics
 Built great temple
pyramids
 Polytheistic
Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica
3. Aztec-known for being
conquerors; militaristic
(A.D. 1200)
 Est. the city of
Tenochtitlan, which is
present-day Mexico City
 Controlled trade and
demanded payment from
the cities they conquered
 Conducted human
sacrifice
III. North American Cultures
1.
Hohokam-located in present-day Arizona (A.D.
300)
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2.
Known for their elaborate irrigation systems that
aided them in growing crops
Anasazi-located in the Four Corners area of Utah,
Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico (A.D. 700)
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Known for large, multi-storied buildings of adobe and
cut stone (Pueblos)
III. North American Cultures
3. Mississippian Culture
 A.D. 700
 Began around the
Mississippi River Valley
 Rich soil of the flood plains
was perfectly suited for
growing corn and beans
 Known for mound building
 Moundville, AL-site of
Mississippian culture where
mounds are still preserved
today
st
1
person to Discover
North America
 A.D. 986
 Bjarni Herjolfson –
Norwegian explorer who
was the 1st to discover the
North American
continent
 Leif Ericson would
follow the follow in his
footsteps and lead the
Vikings to America
The
st
1
Explorers - Vikings
 Norsemen (Vikings)
settled North America in
A.D. 1014
 Leif Ericson led the
Vikings to their colony
called “Vinland” in
present-day
Newfoundland (Canada)
 Used longboats to do so
 By 1492, Vikings had lost
presence in North
America
European Exploration
 Questions to consider:
 Why did Europeans
come to America?
 Who was involved in the
exploration?
 What events influenced
the explorers?
 Where did the explorers
arrive? (At what
location)
 How were they able to
achieve this?
European Events Spark Exploration
 A.D. 500 – Roman Empire Falls (isolates Europe)
 Leads to Middle Ages (500-1400)
 Crusades (“Holy Wars) ( – Brought Europe out of isolation and led to a
revolutionized European society that encouraged exploration
 Crusades exposed Europeans to Asian goods
 Europeans wanted those goods, so they began to trade with Asia
 Mongol Empire collapsed causing Asia to split into several Muslim kingdoms
(who would not allow safe travel)
 Hence, flow of goods from Asia declined
 Europeans still wanted those goods. Decided to find a way to reach China by
sea
 Yet, Europeans did not have the money, nor the technology to do so. This was
due to the feudalistic system that dominated the economy (What was
feudalism?)
 Feudalism would decline; kings and queens would have more power with
stronger central governments emerging
Renaissance Spark Exploration
 Renaissance – “rebirth”
of interest in the culture
of Ancient Greece &
Rome
 Intellectual revolution
(1350-1600)
 Sparked interest in art,
renewed commitment to
learning and triggered a
scientific revolution
 Gutenberg’s printing press
& movable type
 Encouraged technology
Renaissance Technology
 Renaissance also sparked interest in technology,
especially seafaring
 Astrolabe – uses the position of sun to determine
direction, latitude, and local time
 Compass – showed the direction of magnetic north
 Lateen sails – made it possible for ships to sail against
the wind
 Caravel – small vessel that needed little water to sail
and could venture into small inlets
**These technologies enabled Europe to explore the world
Europeans Begin to Explore
 Portuguese – 1st to find a sea route to Asia
 Prince Henry the Navigator – est. school of
navigation in 1419
 1488 – Bartolomeu Dias reached the Southern tip of
Africa (Cape of Good Hope)
 1497 – Vasco da Gama sailed from Portugal, rounded
Africa to India (Water route to Asia was found!!)
 Portugal focused mostly on sailing to the east
Spanish Exploration
 1469 – Prince Ferdinand of Aragon married Princess
Isabella of Castille forming the kingdom of Spain
 Claudius Ptolemy – Egyptian geographer &
astronomer who had drawn maps of a round world
during the 1200s
 Christopher Columbus – sailed west to find a sea
route to Asia
Christopher Columbus
 Italian navigator
 Made 4 voyages to the
Americas
 Sailed mostly around the
Caribbean
 Never sailed farther
north than Florida
 NO!!!!! HE WAS NOT
WITH THE
PILGRIMS!!!! (1620)
st
1
Voyage
 3 ships – Nina, Pinta,
Santa Maria
 Left Spain in August 1492
 Reached the Bahamas in
October 1492 (San
Salvador Island)
 Called the people
Indians (thought he had
reached the fabled
Indies)
st
1
voyage
 Found Cuba
 Found Hispaniola
(present-day Haiti and
Dominican Republic)
 Thought Cuba was China
 Thought Hispaniola was
Japan
 La Navidad – Santa
Maria crashed on this
island;
Columbus’s Later Voyages
 Returned to Hispaniola
in 1493
 Men had been killed
 Bartholomew (brother)
founded Santo Domingo,
the 1st capital of Spain’s
American Empire
 Columbus paved the way
for Spain to settle the
Americas!!!
Spain Claims America
 Line of demarcation –
imaginary north-tosouth line running down
the middle of the
Atlantic (Spain – west,
Portugal – east)
 Treaty of Tordesillas –
pushed the line further
west
 Spain and Portugal
controlled the world!!!
Who named America?
 Amerigo Vespucci –
reached South America;
realized that it was not
Asia
 1507 – German scholar
Martin Waldseemuller
proposed the name
“America” for “Amerigo
the Discoverer”
Other European Explorers
 Juan Ponce de Leon –
discovered Florida
(“Fountain of Youth”)
 Vasco de Balboa –
reached the Pacific Coast
of America
 Ferdinand Magellan –
sailed the southern tip of
South America; named the
Pacific Ocean; 1st to
circumnavigate the globe
The Columbian Exchange
 Series of interactions
between European
colonists and Native
Americans
 Exchange of food,
animals, diseases, etc.
 Greatly reduced the
Native American
population
From America to Europe
 Native Americans taught
colonists farming methods
 Crops – corn, squash,
pumpkins, beans, sweet
potatoes, chili peppers,
peanuts, chocolate,
potatoes, tobacco, and
chewing gum
 Devices – canoe, the
snowshoe, the hammock,
poncho
From Europe to America
 Crops – wheat, oats,
barley, rye, coffee,
dandelions, onions,
bananas, and oranges
 Animals – chickens,
cattle, pigs, sheep, and
horses
 Technology – metalworking, ship-building,
firearms
Columbian Exchange –
European Diseases
 Europeans brought with them various
diseases
 Influenza, measles, chicken pox, mumps,
typhus, and smallpox
 Native Americans had no immunity to these
diseases
 This led to millions of Native American
deaths
Partner Discussion!!!!!
 Why do you think
Europeans had so many
diseases???
 Answers -
Spain’s American Empire
 Hernan Cortes
conquers Montezuma
and the Aztecs and their
famous city Tenochtitlan
in 1521
 Tenochtitlan became
Mexico City
 Cortes sent
conquistadors to
conquer the rest of the
region of New Spain
Conquistadors (Conquerors)
 Francisco Pizarro –
conquered Inca in South
America in 1532
 Francisco Vasquez de
Coronado - explored
the American Southwest
in 1540
 Hernando de Soto –
explored the American
Southeast, including
Alabama in 1540
ALABAMA HISTORY ALERT!
 1540 – De Soto came to
 1542 – De Soto dies and
Alabama in search of gold
 Raided villages and killed
Native Americans
 October 18, 1540 – Battle of
Mabila - violent
confrontation between De
Soto and Chief Tuscaloosa
 De Soto Caverns, State
Park
was buried in the
Mississippi River
 1559 – Tristan de Luna
founds a Spanish colony
at Mobile Bay
Spanish American Society
 Catholic Church – strong
force in settling
American Southwest
 Presidios – Spanish
forts built to serve as
protection and for trade
 Missions – Catholic
Churches set up to train
Indians to become
Catholic
Encomienda System
 Encomienda system –
 Bartolome de Las
Spanish conquerors were
given control of a certain
number of towns
 They were supposed to
convert Indians to
Catholicism
 Most of the Indians for
lack of cooperation and
assimilation to the
Spanish way of life
Casas – advocate against
the abuses of the
encomienda system
 Read Profiles in History
on p. 55
France’s American Empire
 1524 – Giovanni da
Verrazano was sent by
King Francis I to search
for the Northwest
Passage – the northern
route through North
America to the Pacific
Ocean
 Jacques Cartier –
mapped the St.
Lawrence River
France’s American Empire
 Fur trade –French
expanded the fur trade due
to the demand for it in
Europe
 Samuel de Champlain –
founded Acadia and
Quebec; apart of New
France
 Coureurs de bois – fur
traders who lived among
the Native Americans and
adopted their customs
New France Expands
 Jesuits – French Catholics
that tried to teach the
Indians their way of life
 Louis Joliet and Jacques
Marquette – found the
Mississippi River
 Robert Cavelier de La
Salle – followed the
Mississippi River to the
Gulf of Mexico; named the
region Louisiana in honor
of King Louis XIV
ALABAMA HISTORY CONNECTION
 La Salle’s Louisiana
 1711 – Mobile was moved
included what is today
Alabama
 Fort Louis – capital of
Louisiana established on
the Mobile River
 Settlers intended to grow
crops, but did not want to
put forth the effort
 Hence, the 1st African
slaves were brought to
Alabama
to higher ground near
the mouth of Mobile Bay
 New Orleans would pass
Mobile in the overall
commercial importance
France v. Spain
 The two empires bordered
each other
 Spanish founded St.
Augustine in 1565; became
the 1st permanent
European settlement in
North America
 Yet, their domination will
be tested by another
country, GREAT
BRITAIN!!!!!(We will
discuss in Unit 2)