Transcript File
Chapter 17 Lesson 1 European Expansion and Exploration Ptolemy’s World Map c. 2nd century CE Ptolemy’s World Map c. 2nd century CE Earlier Explorations 1. Islam & the Spice Trade Moluccas (Indonesia today) 2. A New Player Europe Marco Polo, 1271 Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources. Better seaworthy ships. 3. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet” Marco Polo • Marco Polo (1254-1324), is probably the most famous Westerner traveled on the Silk Road. • He excelled all the other travelers in his determination, his writing, and his influence. • His journey through Asia lasted 24 years. He reached further than any of his predecessors, beyond Mongolia to China. He became a confidant of Kublai Khan (12141294). • He traveled the whole of China and returned to tell the tale, which became the greatest travelogue. Marco Polo Voyages WHITE EUROPEANS clash •Used the land for economic needs •Clearing the land, destroying hunting areas and fencing it off into private property •Divided the land and selling it for monetary value. NATIVE AMERICANS •Relationship with environment as part of their religion •Need to hunt for survival •Ownership meant access to the things the land produced, not ownership of the land itself. Direct Causes = 3 G’s • Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY) • Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD) • Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD) The 3 motives reinforce each other New Technology New Maritime Technologies Better Maps Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant NEW WORLD OLD WORLD Treasures from the Americas! EFFECTS •Europeans reach and settle Americas •Expanded knowledge of world geography •Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism •Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations •Introduction of the institution of slavery •Columbian Exchange European Colonization European Colonization • Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world…. – Spain – England – France – Portugal Bellringer • Answer independently in your notebooks • 1. What were the motivations behind European exploration of distant lands? • -Political (GLORY), economic (GOLD), religious (GOD) • 2. What new technologies allowed 15th and 16th century Europeans to explore further abroad than ever before? • -Caravel, wheel lock rifle, compass, sextant, astrolabe, better maps. • Spanish first to pursue colonization • Start in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531) • First permanent colonies Spanish Exploration Columbus Balboa Pizzaro De Leon Cortes De Soto Coronado Vespucci Spanish empire by the 1600’s consisted of the part of North America Central America Caribbean Islands Much of South America. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers European Colonial Empire Permanent Settlers The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Spanish ancestory Mestizos Spanish and Indian mixture Native Indians Creoles Spanish born on colonies Mulattos White American and Black mixture Black Slaves 1. Spanish practice of securing an adequate and cheap labor supply = FEUDALISM •“granted” to deserving subjects of the King 2. Conquistador controlled Indian populations •Required Indians to pay tribute from their lands •Indians often rendered personal services as well. 3. In return the conquistador was obligated to •protection •instruct them in the Christian faith •defend their right to live off the land 4. Encomienda system eventually decimated Indian population. Father Bartolomé de Las Casas •Believed Native Americans had been treated harshly by the Spanish. •Argued against idea that Indians could be educated and converted to Christianity. •Believed Indian culture was advanced as European but in different ways. ► 1542 Spain passed New Laws – forbid enslavement of Natives New Laws • The new laws were meant to end abuses against the Native Americans • Spain too far away to enforce them • Many Natives were forced to become peons, workers forced to labor for a landlord in order to pay off debt. • Landlords advanced them food, tools, seeds, creating debts they could never pay off in their lifetimes. African Slave Trade • To fill the labor shortage, Las Casas urged colonists to import workers from Africa. • Africans were immune to tropical diseases • Had skills in farming, mining, metalworking. • Las Casas regretted that advice because it furthered brutal African slave trade. • In time, Africans and their American born descendants greatly outnumbered European settlers in the colonies. • Often they resisted slavery by rebelling or running away. Primary Source “The Spaniards, from the beginning, were no more solicitous of promoting the preaching of the Gospel of Christ to (the Native Americans), than if they had been dogs or beasts…. …laying many heavy burdens upon them, daily afflicting and persecuting them, that they might not have so much time and leisure at their own disposal, as to attend their preaching and divine service; for they looked upon that to be an impediment to their getting gold.” -Bartolome de Las Casas, from A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1534 Triangular Trade • The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three legged trade network called triangular trade. • Step 1: Merchant ships brought manufactured goods to Africa to be traded for slaves. • Step 2: (Middle Passage) Slaves transported to West Indies where they were exchanged for raw materials such as sugar, molasses, tobacco, cotton, and other products. • Step 3: These raw materials were shipped back to Europe or European colonies in the Americas. Bellringer – contrasting views • Compare and contrast the following viewpoints as expressed by Columbus and John Lame Deer. • What does this reveal to you about the different mentalities of the Europeans vs. Native Americans? “Before our white brothers came to civilize us we had no jails. Therefore we had no criminals. You can't have criminals without a jail. We had no locks or keys, and so we had no thieves. If a man was so poor that he had no horse, tipi or blanket, someone gave him these things. We were too uncivilized to set much value on personal belongings. We wanted to have things only in order to give them away. We had no money, and therefore a man's worth couldn't be measured by it. We had no written law, no attorneys or politicians, therefore we couldn't cheat. We really were in a bad way before the white men came, and I don't know how we managed to get along without these basic things which, we are told, are absolutely necessary to make a civilized society.” • John Lame Deer, Sioux Indian European Colonization • The Portuguese were the first to begin searching for an all water route to Asia….. – Prince Henry the Navigator – 1450’s • Colonized the South America in the area of what would become Brazil Explorers Sailing For Portugal • Prince Henry the Navigator - Portugal - Funded Exploration down coast of Africa - 1419-1460 • Dias - Portugal - Rounded the Cape of Good Hope - 1488 • da Gama - Portugal - Opened trade with India Placed Portugal in position to dominate trade with India - 1498 • Cabral - Portugal - Claimed present day Brazil for Portugal - 1500 • French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada – Control St. Lawrence River & access to interior of North America – Develop a fur trade – Couier do Bois Explorers Sailing For France • Cartier - France - Reached St. Lawrence River - Claimed Eastern Canada for France – 1535 • Samuel de Champlain - France - “Father of New France” - Established Quebec (the 1st permanent French colony in N. America) Established settlements and explored Maine, Montreal & Nova Scotia - 1608 European Colonization • Like French, Dutch focus on fur trade & send only a few men to settlements – Found Albany (New York, 1614) on Hudson River – New Netherland (becomes New York) is an extension of the Dutch global trade system • Dutch & French form alliances with Native Americans—increase warfare & Iroquois (Dutch ally) defeat Hurons Explorers Sailing For The Netherlands • Henry Hudson - English sailing for the Dutch - Searching for Northwest Passage Claimed Hudson River - Settlers established New Netherlands (New York) - 1609