Transcript Slide 1
The Age of Exploration Chapter 13 I. Reasons for Exploration “God, Glory, Gold!” • GOD: Missionary Effort – Cultural Superiority, convert the “Savages” – Spread of Catholicism in America I. Reasons for Exploration • GLORY – Spirit of Adventure – Claim to Fame – Power of Kings & Queens Spanish Cross flag, “Cross of Burgundy” I. Reasons for Exploration • GOLD: Economic Gain – Spices and goods from Asia – Euros want to eliminate middle-man • Who? – Precious metals: gold & silver • What gives these their value? II. The First Exploring Nations • PORTUGAL – Traders find gold on e. coast of Africa – Bartholomeu Diaz • Sails around s. tip of Africa – Vasco De Gama • Rounds tip of Africa, sails to India • Takes on a cargo of spices • Returns home, makes huge profit!!! – What’s next? II. The First Exploring Nations • PORTUGAL (cont.) – Send huge fleet of ships to India • Attack Muslim controlled shipping • Defeat Indian Navy, est. Melaka – Melaka • Portuguese port city in India • Used to launch expeditions to China, “Spice Islands” • Portuguese never able to colonize. Why? II. The First Exploring Nations • SPAIN – Christopher Columbus (Italian) • Said India could be reached by sailing west • Queen Isabella of Spain funds trip • Lands in Cuba in 1492 – Spain is now a player in game of exploration II. The First Exploring Nations • TREATY OF TORDESILLAS – Between Spain and Portugal – Used to claim unexplored territory – Line placed in Atlantic Ocean • “Line of Demarcation” • West of line = Spain • East of line = Portugal III. The New World • Amerigo Vespucci – Italian captain, sailed for Portugal – Made numerous trips to South America – Origin of the name, America III. The New World • The Spanish Empire – Hernan Cortez (Central America) • Defeats the Aztec of central Mexico in 3 years • Soon all of Mexico would be Spain’s – Francisco Pizzaro (South America) • Destroys the Incan empire in Peru • Only Brazil could be claimed for Portugal III. The New World • The Spanish Empire (cont.) – Spanish colonize these lands for wealth • Use natives as slaves to mine gold/silver • Natives suffer disease, starvation, beatings, and death • Entire Native culture is destroyed IV. Economics of Exploration • Move from mining to farming – • Plantation agriculture; first sugar, then tobacco & cotton Columbian Exchange – – – Between Old World, New World Extensive swap of plants & animals Impacts? • Move from mining to farming IV. Economics of Exploration • More Countries Get Involved – – Spanish in Philippines (late 1500s) English • – in India (1600s) America (1620s) Holland • – East & West India Trading Co. (1595) French (c.1600) • • Canada, Louisiana rivalry w/ England pushes out Dutch IV. Economics of Exploration • Mercantilism – Economic system that said a nation needed large supply of gold & silver Believed in favorable balance of trade – • – Export more than you import Gov’ts stimulate export industries, place tariffs on goods • What is the role of the colonies? IV. Economics of Exploration • Triangular Trade – From America • • – To Europe = raw materials To Africa = iron, gunpowder, rum From Europe to Africa, America • – Manufactured goods (luxuries) From Africa • • To Europe = Gold, Ivory, Spices To America = Slaves (Middle Passage) IV. Economics of Exploration • African Slave Trade – Causes in America • • • – New land to be cultivated Native died out or were killed Africans forced to work plantations Effects in Africa • • • Families torn apart Decrease in population Self enslavement/ internal warfare begins V. European Expansion in Asia • Southeast Asia – – Fairly stable before European arrival European influence differed in different regions Malay & Indochina – • • – Islam spread through trade Portuguese seize Melaka Spice Islands (Moluccas) • Dutch political and military control V. European Expansion in Asia • Southeast Asia (cont.) – Mainland States • • • • • Thailand, Burma, Vietnam, Cambodia Able to unite & force Europeans out Limited economic opportunities Strong political identities, monarchies Result: Little European influence V. European Expansion in Asia • China – Ming Dynasty (1338-1664) • Efficient government – • – Bureaucracy, civil service exams Epidemic, peasant revolt cause fall Qing Dynasty (1664-1911) • • • European Missionaries, Trade Lotus Rebellion, suppressed, but… Opposition to British trade, Isolationism V. European Expansion in Asia • Japan – – Tokugawa rulers unite island by 1600 European traders arrive • • • • – Portuguese first to arrive Initially welcomed by rulers Catholic missionaries destroy shrines Missionaries expelled, Japanese Christians persecuted Japanese Isolationism until 1853