Transcript AP TEST REVIEW PART TWO

AP TEST REVIEW
Unit Three
Age of Exploration and the
Commercial Revolution
Ca. 1414-1700
Age of Exploration and
Conquest

Causes (Motives)
» “Gold, glory, and gold” were the primary
motives
» Crusades sparked an interest in Asia
» Rise of “New Monarchs” results in a
competition for economic and political power
– Conquest of Constantinople provides an opportunity
to open the Atlantic
» Impact of Renaissance
– Rediscovery of ancient texts, insatiable curiosity,
and critical intellectual advancements
Age of Exploration and
Conquest

Causes (Means)
» Advances in cartography
– Ptolemy’s Geography
– Portulans
– Mercator’s Map
» Technological advances facilitated sea travel
– Advances in astronomy helped in charting locations at sea
– Crucial Instruments



Magnetic compass
Quadrant – used to determine latitude
Astrolabe – replaces the quadrant
– Ships

Caravel – Lateen sails, axial rudder, gunpowder and cannons
» Early Stages of Commercial Revolution
– Provided the capital necessary for overseas exploration and
conquest
Portuguese Exploration

Motives
» Economic
– Sought to control the West African gold trade
– Sought an all-water route to Asian spice islands
» Religious
– Sought to find the mythical PRESTER JOHN!
» Political
– PRESTER JOHN would provide an alliance
against the Muslims
Major Portuguese Figures

Prince Henry the Navigator
» Set up a school to train explorers
» Financed expeditions along the West African
coast

Bartholomew Dias
» Rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488

Vasco da Gama
» Sailed around Africa to India in 1498
» Replaced the Italians as the gateway for Asian
spices into Europe

Amerigo Vespucci
» Explored Brazil and provided the name for the
New World
SPANISH EXPLORATION
Spain will develop the largest overseas
empire during the 16th century.
 Columbus: 1492: Sailed to find a water
route to India but landed in Haiti and the
Dominican Republic. Sailed to Cuba

» Three more voyages brought Spanish
colonization to the Caribbean region.

Significance:
» Ushered in an era of European exploration
and domination of the Americas
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Provisions:
» Pope Leo V divided the New World
between Spain and Portugal
– Portugal received Brazil, Africa, and control of
the Asiento (Atlantic slave trade)
– Spain received the western part of the
Americas
SPANISH EXPLORATION


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
Ponce de Leon: 1512: Landed in Florida
looking for gold and the fountain of youth-found neither.
Coronado: explored SW US
Balboa: discovered the Pacific Ocean by
crossing the Isthmus of Panama
Magellan: 1519: Tried to circumnavigate
the globe. He was killed in the Philippines,
but one of his ships made it to India and
back to Spain. 3 year journey
SPANISH Conquistadors
Cortes: Conquered the Aztecs in Mexico
(captured Montezuma)
 Pizzaro: conquered the Incas of Peru.
 Significance:

» Set the stage for Spanish colonization of the
New World
» Will more closely resemble the age of New
Imperialism…due to political, economic, and
social domination of non-Western lands
“Golden Age” of Spanish
Empire

Structure:
» Empire divided into four vice-royalties; each led by
a viceroy
» Audiencias – Board of 12 to 15 judges served as
advisor to the viceroy and the highest judicial body
in the colony

Purpose:
» Despite Spain’s complete neglect of its home
economy, the empire was mercantilist in
philosophy
– Mining of gold and ESP SILVER brought wealth to the
mother country

Opening of Potosi in 1545 ushered in the “Golden Age”
The Encomienda System

Motive
» Spanish government wanted to reduce the
savage exploitation of Amerindians

Reality
» Amerindians worked under harsh conditions
for a Spanish landowner and in return,
received salvation!

Work of Bartholomew de las Casas will
help put an end to this system
» However, it will lead the Spanish to begin
importing African slaves
“Old Imperialism”

Where?
» Africa and Asia
» Not the New World

What?
» Establishing posts and forts on coastal regions
but not penetrating inland to conquer entire
regions or subjugate their populations

Who?
» Portugal, Dutch Republic, France, and
England
Portuguese “Old Imperialism”
By 1495, controlled trade in West Africa
 By 1498, controlled key ports in India
 By 1511, the Portuguese seized
Malacca from the Muslims

» Finished building their trading empire in the
Indian Ocean

Allowed Francis Xavier and Jesuit
missionaries to preach Catholicism in
Asia
DUTCH “Old Imperialism”

Hudson: 1609: Dutch: explored New York,
Delaware, NY Bay, & Hudson River Valley.
» Founded a colony in New York

Dutch E. India Co. founded in 1602
» Dutch explorers took over many Portuguese
colonies in the far east in the 1600’s
» Solidified control of the East Indies and replaced the
Portuguese as leaders in the spice trade
FRENCH EXPLORATION

Jacques Cartier: In search of a NW
passage, he claimed Canada for France.
» 1608 – Quebec founded
» Motives: “Fish, fur, and faith”
» Continued down to the Louisiana territory

France also colonized parts of the West
Indies (Haiti)
» Established profitable sugar plantations with the
use of African slave labor
ENGLISH EXPLORATION
and Colonization

John Cabot: 1497 & 1498: explored the NE coast
of North America
» Henry VII was not interested in further expeditions due
to the failure to discover gold or silver
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Drake: 1577: circumnavigated the globe and
raided Spanish galleons (Sea Dogs)
Raleigh: Attempted to colonize Virginia
» FAIL!

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Cook: explored Australia and New Zealand-claimed it for the British
Colonization of Atlantic Seaboard in North America
» Economic: Virginia Company – Jamestown 1607
» Religious: Pilgrims and Puritans – Massachussets
1620-40
The Columbian Exchange

Both Europe and the New World were
transformed as a result of the Age of
Exploration and the exchanges that
occurred between the two regions
» For Europeans: BETTER DIET, MORE
WEALTH, RISE OF GLOBAL EMPIRES
» For Natives: RESULTS WERE
CATASTROPHIC!
The Columbian Exchange

From the New World
to Europe
» Disease: Syphilis
» Plants: Potatoes,
corn, tomatoes,
pineapple, tobacco,
beans, vanilla,
chocolate
» Animals: turkeys
» Metals: Gold and
silver

From Europe to the
New World
» Disease: Smallpox,
measles, bubonic
plague, influenza,
typhus
» Plants: Wheat, sugar,
rice, coffee
» Animals: horses, cows,
pigs, sheep, goats,
chickens
» People: Europeans
and African slaves
Effects of Exploration

Political
»
»
»
»
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New Monarchs  Absolute Monarchs
Creation of Colonial Empires
Global Trade Wars
Bullion  Power
Economic
»
»
»
»
Price Revolution
Furthered the Commercial Revolution
Fostered the growth of the bourgeoisie
Foundation for mercantilism
Effects of Exploration

Religious
» Responsible for success of CounterReformation
» Missionary spread of Catholicism

Social
» Dumping of surplus population
» Culture of Leisure Consumption
– Food and Fashion
» Growth of middle class radicalizes the social
structure
Effects of Exploration

Intellectual
» Growth of Curiosity
» Rise of Skepticism
» Scientific Revolution
» Racism
The Commercial Revolution

What?
» A five century economic transition from
feudalism to industrial capitalism
» Rise of capitalism
– Manor  Town  Nation

Major Aspects of the CR
» Commercialization of Industry
– Cottage Industry, aka “Putting out” System
» New Capitalistic Ventures
» Mercantilism
Causes of the CR

Three factors that furthered the growth of
the CR between 1500-1700
» Opening of the Atlantic
» Population growth during the 16th century
» “Price Revolution”
– Long, slow upward trend in prices of consumer
goods
– Major Cause: Population increase  Increase in
demand

Additional Cause: Influx of gold and silver from New
World
– Effect: Increased the economic status of the
bourgeoisie while hurting the economic status of the
nobility
Features of the CR

Development of Banking
» Family banking (Fuggers and Medicis)
replaced by state banks in Holland
– Antwerp: Financial Center in 16th century
– Amsterdam: Financial Center in 17th century

Stock Markets Emerge
» Surplus capital will be invested in developing
industries
– Bourge in Antwerp
– Amsterdam Exchange
– London Stock Exchange
Features of the CR

Joint-Stock Companies
» Prime example of early capitalism
» Investors pool money to fund economic
pursuits (oftentimes, overseas)
– Dutch East India Company
– British East India Company

Cottage Industry Emerges
» Supported by national monarchs, these
merchant-capitalists began to usurp the
economic power held by guilds since the
Middle Ages
Features of the CR
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New Capitalistic Industries
» Mining, Printing, Shipbuilding, Artillery

New Consumer Goods
» Sugar, rice, tea
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First Enclosure Movement
» In the 16th century, Wealthy landowners
enclosed their lands to improve sheep
herding
– Comparable to the Enclosure Acts of the 18th
century
Features of the CR

Mercantilism – 17th cent. development
» Goal: Self-sufficient national economy
» How: Create a favorable balance of trade
through exporting more than importing
– Why? Bullionism!!! Political power rested upon
economic power, and economic power was based
upon a country’s supply of gold and silver
» MUST HAVES:
– Colonies!!!

Provide raw materials and markets for finished goods
– Protectionist Tariffs
– Dominant merchant marine and navy
– Mother country manufacturing industries
Significance of the CR

Emergence of powerful sovereign states
» Spain, Dutch Republic, England, France

Bourgeoisie experienced huge increase
in political and economic status
» Evident in Renaissance Italy, the Dutch
Republic, Age of French Absolutism, and
English Parliament during the 17th century

Establishes the foundations necessary
for the AR and the IR!!!!
Rise of European Witch Hunts

Causes:
» Popular belief in magic
» Catholic Church claimed that the Devil could give
a witch its power
» Misogyny
– Women were seen as weak and prone to temptation
– Most witches were unmarried women between the ages
of 45-60
» Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation
» Religious wars
» Small communities that experience economic
instability
Decline of European Witch
Hunts

Decline:
» Scientific Revolution discredited
superstition and emphasized rationalism
– Rise in skepticism
» Advances in medicine allowed people to
take better care of themselves
» End of Religious Wars
– Toleration became more widely practiced!