Transcript Ch.1, Sec.1 The Earliest Americans

Ch.1, Sec.1 The Earliest Americans
Ch.2, Sec.1- Europeans Set Sail
The European Economy Grows
• Europe’s wealth and population grew throughout the
Middle Ages until Italian Merchant ships carrying rats
from Asia came. The rats were infected with a deadly
disease called the bubonic plague, causing the Black
Death from about 1348-1350, killing 30 million people, or
one-third of Europe’s population.
• During the Commercial Revolution, instead of setting the
prices at what the community said was fair, which is how
merchants had done it before, merchants became more
focused on making a profit.
• Medici was a wealthy family of people that opened banks
and gave loans to high ranking government officials,
giving them power.
The Renaissance
• The Renaissance began in Italy and lasted from 13001600.
• Leonardo da Vinci- Mona Lisa
• Michelangelo Buonarroti- statue David, ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel at the Vatican in Rome.
• Baldassare Castiglione- wrote Book of the Courtier
• Johannes Gutenberg- invented movable type for printing
presses, making it easier and less expensive to make
copies of a book. By 1500, Europe had 15-20 million
books.
• Astrolabe and compass made it easier to explore across
the ocean.
Trade with Africa and Asia
• From Africa- gold, ivory, salt and slaves
• From Asia- silk and spices
• Along the way each merchant raised the
price of the goods when selling to the next
trader, until prices were very high when
they reached Europe.
The Portuguese Explore Africa
• Prince Henry- also called the navigator, made
Portugal leader in exploration. Also had
designers develop a small ship called a caravel.
• Bartolomeu Dias- 1487-1488 Portuguese
explorer went south along the coast of Africa.
Storm blew him around the southern tip of Africa,
which he named Cape of Good Hope. Dias
wanted to continue, crew did not. This led to the
African slave trade.
Sec.2- Voyages to the Americas
Columbus’s Bold Idea
• Christopher Columbus- Italian explorer who
believed he could reach Asia by sailing west
across the Atlantic Ocean.
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella funded his
voyage, but he had to wait six years because
Spain was at war with Granada when he asked.
Other countries, including Italy, turned him down
thinking he was crazy.
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella promised
Columbus he would be a viceroy, or royal
governor of any land he explored.
Crossing the Ocean
• Columbus set sail on August 3, 1492.
• Had 3 ships: Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria.
Columbus was on the Santa Maria.
Columbus’s First Explorations
• October 12, 1492, landed on an island in the Bahamas.
Columbus named it San Salvador, which means Holy
Savior. He thought he was near the coast of China or the
islands of Japan.
• Columbus met the Taino on the island of Hispaniola
which he called indians because he thought he landed in
the Indies.
• After 2 months of exploring, he heads back to Spain, but
Santa Maria hits coral reef and sinks. They were forced
to leave 40 men behind at a place they called La
Navidad. He promised to return for them and he left for
Spain on the Nina in January 1493.
Europe Learns of Columbus’s
Voyage
• Columbus brings back Taino with him and
wanted to make them slaves. Queen Isabella
wanted to convert them to Christianity.
• Ferdinand persuades Pope Alexander VI to
create Line of Demarcation, showing what land
Spain and Portugal could explore and claim.
Portuguese king John II said it favored Spain, so
line was moved 800 miles west in June 1494 as
part of the Treaty of Tordesillas.
Columbus’s Later Voyages
• Columbus returned to La Navidad in 1493 on his second
voyage but all the men were killed.
• Columbus was first European explorer to see South
America in 1498.
• Columbus fought with the Taino because against the
queen’s wishes he tried to enslave them. He was them
removed as governor. Columbus pleaded with the king
and queen for one last voyage. He set sail in 1502 and
wrecked on the coast of Jamaica after encountering a
storm. After one year there, he was rescued and brought
back to Spain in 1504. He was humiliated by this and
died two years later in 1506.
Sec.3- The Race for Trade Routes
Portugal’s Great Discoveries
• Vasco da Gama- discovered a sea route to
Asia around the southern tip of Africa.
• Pedro Alvars Cabral- accidentally reached
the coast of South America after being
blown around in a storm. Landed around
what’s today Brazil and claimed it for
Portugal.
Cabot and Vespucci Explore
• John Cabot paid for his own voyage and hoped
to find Asia by sailing farther north than
Columbus did. Instead he finds North America
believed to have been around Newfoundland in
present day Canada. His voyages led to
England’s claim to much of North America.
Disappeared on his second voyage.
• Amerigo Vespucci- Italian explorer who in 1501
reached the coast of present-day South
America. Mapmaker named the continents
America in honor of him.
Balboa Reaches the Pacific
• Vasco Nunez de Balboa- discovered the
Pacific Ocean in 1513. He had no idea it
was a huge body of water so he named it
the South Sea. Spanish authorities viewed
him as a threat and executed him for
treason in 1519.
Sailing Around the Globe
• Ferdinand Magellan- Portuguese explorer accused of
treason in his country so convinced Spain to let him
explore for them instead in September 1519. Captains
didn’t trust him because he wouldn’t tell them where they
were going. He was searching for a sea passage
through South America. Found a strait at the southern tip
of South America he named Strait of Magellan. Lost 2
ships along the way. Tried to find Asia, and crew named
the South Sea the Pacific Ocean. He was killed in the
Philippines in a local war. Juan Sebastian de Elcano led
the rest of the crew back to Spain in September 1522.
Only 18 of the original 250 crewmen made it back to
Spain. Those 18 were the first to circumnavigate, or sail
around the world, and they found a westward sea route
to Asia.
Sec.4- The Opening of the Atlantic
The Columbian Exchange
Explorers carried plants, animals, and diseases
to the “New World” of the Americas. They
brought back plants and animals to Asia, Africa,
and Europe. This was called the Columbian
Exchange because it resulted from Columbus’s
exploration.
Goods brought to Europe, Africa and Asia: corn,
tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco, cocoa
Goods brought to the New World: horses, cattle,
pigs, wheat, barley, rice, bananas, measles,
smallpox, typhus. Diseases killed hundreds of
thousands of American Indians.
The Search for a Northwest
Passage
• Giovanni da Verrazano- did not find a Northwest
Passage.
• Jacques Cartier- went to Canada at St. Lawrence River,
Montreal and near Quebec. Also did not find passage.
• Samuel de Champlain- Founded Quebec and is
responsible for most of France’s claim to Canada. Also
did not find passage.
• Henry Hudson- Discovered Hudson Bay. Hudson wanted
to keep searching but his crew did not, so they put him in
a small boat, and he was never seen again. Also did not
find passage.
Mesoamerica and South America
• The capital city of the Aztecs was
Tenochtitlan, which is where Mexico City is
today.
• The capital city of the Incas was Cuzco.
Sec.3- Europe During the Middle
Ages
The Viking Explorations
• The Vikings were
from Scandinavia.
• Leif Eriksson and his
crew were the first
Europeans to land in
North America,
landing in
Newfoundland in
present-day Canada.
The Middle Ages
• The fall of the Roman Empire was the beginning
of the Middle Ages, lasting from 500-1500 A.D.
• During the Middle Ages, a new system of
government called feudalism, which people
known as vassals pledged their loyalty to a lord
in exchange for land.
• The difference between tenants and serfs was
tenants rented land from the lord and could
leave when their rental agreement was over.
Serfs lived on the manor, or estate, for life in
exchange for protection from the lord.
The Catholic Church
• Monasteries were religious communities in
which men called monks devoted their
lives to practicing Christianity.
• Convents were religious centers where
women called nuns spent most of their
time.
Sec.4- Trade Across Continents
The Spread of Islam
• Muhammad started the religion of Islam.
His followers wrote his messages in a
book called the Quran. Followers of Islam
were called Muslims. They are also
responsible for developing Algebra.
The Crusades
• The Crusades took place for over 150
years and was fighting that took place
between Christians and Muslims over the
holy land, mainly Jerusalem. The Muslims
were able to take and maintain control of
the holy land.