Transcript the age of exploration, 1450-1650

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION &
EXPANSION
1450-1650
PEOPLE IDENTIFICATIONS: IDENTIFY THE KEY
CONTRIBUTION(S) AND COUNTRY FOR WHOM EACH
WORKED.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Prince Henry “the
Navigator” (destiny
& Oreen, melody)
Bartholomew Diaz
(janice)
Vasco da Gama
(Sonja & Geena )
Pedro Alvares
Cabral (henri &
Amanda)
Christopher
Columbus (Eden and
Kadance)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Amerigo Vespucci (
Sarah & Carissa)
Ferdinand Magellan
(Rory & Josh)
John Cabot
(Danielle, Angel &
Corinne)
Jacques Cartier
(Brice)
Hernando Cortés
(James, Zack &
Liza)
Francisco Pizarro (
Herson & Ivan)
EXPLORER PROJECT (DUE MONDAY)

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You are advertising your accomplishments
 Your making a poster of yourself and your
accomplishments
 Needs to be on poster board 22x28
Things Needed on your board
 Biography (1st person)- who you are, where
you are from, who you represent, how did
you get money to explore
 Where you explored- Details of your
expedition (how long did it take, who did
you take, what route did you take)
 What were the results of your exploration(how was Europe (your country) impacted
from your explorations, how was the
population you encountered impacted?
 Pictures:
 Map of the area you explored
 Flag of the country you represent
 Picture of yourself (Explorer not you)
 Picture or drawing of some things that
you impacted (trade of a product. . .etc)
DOCUMENT BASED QUESTION (ESSAY)

In the Mid-1400’s, Europeans were cut off from direct
access to Asian trade via the eastern Mediterranean
sea. Europeans turned south and west in search of new
trade routes. Through trade, travel, and missionary
work, Europeans increasingly came into contact with
peoples and places of whom they had previously had
little or no knowledge of.

From the documents you are to answer the following
question

Were the European explorers’ first impressions of the new land
and people negative or positive?
 Needs introduction and conclusion paragraph
 Needs to have references to all of the documents (5 document
references)

2 Articles on slave trade can be a combined reference.
WORLD CONTACTS BEFORE
COLUMBUS
What was the Afro-Eurasian trading world
before Columbus?
INDIAN OCEAN TRADING WORLD
The center of pre-Columbian world trade.
INDIAN OCEAN TRADING WORLD
AFRICA
AFRICA – KINGDOM OF MALI
Mansa Musa (14th c.)
A mosque in Timbuktu
Africa – Legend of Prester John
Prester John enthroned on a map
of East Africa, in an atlas prepared
by the Portuguese for Queen Mary
of England, 1558.
Prester John’s kingdom in what is now Ethiopia,
map issued in Antwerp, 1570s.
The Middle East: Ottoman & Persian
Empires
OTTOMAN EXPANSION
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1453 – captured Constantinople = end of Byzantine empire
1526 – defeat of Hungary
1529 – siege on Vienna
Venice and Genoa

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control of luxury trade with
the East
support for Crusades
brought land & trading
privileges
Goods:
o Eastern luxury goods:
spices, silks, carpets
o Balkan slaves
o Euro. products: wool,
metal, textiles
EUROPE AND THE WORLD AFTER
COLUMBUS
What effect did overseas expansion have on the
conquered societies, on enslaved Africans, and
on world trade?
SPANISH SETTLEMENT & INDIGENOUS
POPULATION 

16th c. ≈200k Spaniards settle in New World

est. cattle ranches, sugar plantations, silver mines

encomienda system = Amerindians labor for
Spaniards
o de facto slavery
o high death rate
WITH DEATHS OF AMERINDIANS, WHERE WILL
THE SPANISH FIND LABORERS?
THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE (HEIGHT IN 18TH
C.)
1650-1870:
10 million African slaves brought
to Americas
SLAVERY
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slavery in Europe predates Atlantic slave trade
slaves from Balkans, Thrace, southern Russia,
central Anatolia (mostly white)
WHY, THEN, DID EUROPE TURN TO AFRICA?
Ottoman capture of Constantinople (1453):
halted flow of white slaves
SUGAR & SLAVERY
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 demand for sugar in 15th c.
sugar plantations est. 1st in Atlantic islands close
to Europe  African slaves brought in
later this pattern was transferred to the
Caribbean
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
place of
origin/item
OLD
WORLD
(EUROPE)
CULTIVATED CROPS
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wheat rye
oat
rice
soybeans
chickpeas
peas
cabbage
lettuce
radish
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DOMESTICATED ANIMALS
onion
olive
melons
oranges
lemons
grapes (for wine)
bananas
coffee
sugarcane
almonds, nuts
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horses
cows
pigs
sheep
goats
donkeys
dogs
cats
chickens
pineapple
papaya
guava
avocado
peanut
cocoa
vanilla
tobacco
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llama
alpaca
guinea pig
turkey
dog
smallpox, influenza, gunpowder
NEW
WORLD
(AMERICAS)
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potato
sweet potato
corn
beans
green pepper
chili pepper
squashes, pumpkin
tomato
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SPAIN’S GOLDEN CENTURY (16TH C.)
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Major cause: New World silver
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Why it ended: price revolution = inflation
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Debate over reason for inflation:
o
o
Flood of silver??
Unable to keep up with rising demand
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
pop.  (demand )
new American colonies (demand )
1492 expulsion of Jews & Muslims (supply )
Price revolution spreads to all Europe (1560-1600)
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY: 3 COMMERCIAL EMPIRES
1.
Portuguese (16th c.)
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Indian Ocean sea empire
Brazil - sugar
2.
Spanish (16th c.)
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New World land empire
Philippines sea empire – silk trade
3.
Dutch (1650-1700)
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Indonesian spice trade
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***1570-1630: worldwide commercial boom***
PORTUGUESE EMPIRE, AT MAXIMUM EXTENT, 16TH
C.
SPANISH EMPIRE IN 1770
DUTCH COLONIES, 17TH C.
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION,
1450-1650
MOTIVES – THE 3 “G’S”
God
Gold
Glory
MORE MOTIVES
 government
sponsorship
 Renaissance
curiosity
 spices
Which motive played the
most important role?
TECHNOLOGY
cannon
 caravel (vs. galley)
0
 magnetic compass
 astrolabe
 improved maps; portolans

galley
caravel
PORTUGAL TAKES THE LEAD!
1415 – Portugal takes Ceuta, Morocco
Prince Henry “the Navigator”
EXPLORERS
Explorer
Discovery
Bartholomew Diaz
1488 – round Cape of Good Hope (S. Africa)
Christopher Columbus 1492 – reach W. Indies in “New World”
Vasco de Gama
1498 – reach India by sailing around
southernmost tip of Africa
Pedro Alvares Cabral
1500 – claim Brazil for Portugal en route to
India
Amerigo Vespucci
1501-1502 – explore S. America & first to
realize “New World” was separate from Asia
Ferdinand Magellan
1519-1522 – first circumnavigation of the world
Hernando Cortés
1519 – conquest of Aztecs in Mexico
Francisco Pizarro
1531-1536 – conquest of Incas in Peru
CHRIS COLUMBUS: GOOD OR BAD?
Good (old scholarship)
- discovered the New World
- hero (has his own US
holiday)
- so influential that the history
of the Americas before 1492
is “pre-Columbian”
In fourteen hundred and ninetytwo, Columbus sailed the ocean
blue.
Bad (new scholarship)
- not the first to “discover”
the New World
- exploitation of indigenous
peoples
In fourteen hundred and ninetythree, Columbus stole all he could
see.
place
of
C
OLUMBIAN
EXCHANGE
CULTIVATED CROPS
origin/item
OLD
WORLD
(EUROPE)









wheat rye
oat
rice
soybeans
chickpeas
peas
cabbage
lettuce
radish










DOMESTICATED ANIMALS
onion
olive
melons
oranges
lemons
grapes (for wine)
bananas
coffee
sugarcane
almonds, nuts









horses
cows
pigs
sheep
goats
donkeys
dogs
cats
chickens
pineapple
papaya
guava
avocado
peanut
cocoa
vanilla
tobacco





llama
alpaca
guinea pig
turkey
dog
smallpox, influenza, gunpowder
NEW
WORLD
(AMERICAS)








potato
sweet potato
corn
beans
green pepper
chili pepper
squashes, pumpkin
tomato


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
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SPAIN’S GOLDEN AGE (16TH C.)
Major cause: gold & silver from New World
 Why it ended: price revolution = inflation
 Debate over reason for inflation:


Unable to keep up with rising demand
pop.  (demand )
 new American colonies (demand )
 expulsion of Jewish & Muslim farmers/businessmen (supply )


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Influx of American silver bullion
Price revolution spreads to all Europe (1560-1600)
MERCANTILISM
economic system, ca. 1500-1800 or 1776
 wealth is based on nation’s supply of bullion
 exports > imports
 colonies exist for benefit of mother country

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quinto = Spanish Crown receives 1/5 of precious metals
mined in South America
SPANISH COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION

16th c. Spanish New World possessions divided into 4
viceroyalties, or administrative divisions