Transcript Zheng He
The Age of Exploration 1 Table of Contents I. Sailing beyond the Horizon…………….….… II. Portugal…………………………………………….. III. Spain……………………………………………….… IV. England……………………………………….…….. V. Spices and Wealth………………………………. VI. Technology……………………………………… 2 Unit Guided Questions 1. What motivated Europeans to explore the “New World”? 2. What were the effects of the Columbian Exchange? 3. How did the migration of Europeans effect cultural changes in the “New World”, both past and present? 4. How did differing points of view, self-interest, and global distribution of natural resources play a role in conflict over territory in the “New World”? 5. What were some similarities and differences of different nations and individuals that explored the “New World”? (e.g. regions explored, successes, failures, motives, ad etc…) 6. How did European technology allow them to sail to the New World and subdue the Native populations? 3 Prince Henry the Navigator Bartholomew Diaz Christopher Columbus 4 Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal In 1415, Prince Henry, with his father King John I and his brothers, conquered the Muslim port city of Ceuta to stop attacks on Portugal by Barbary pirates. Afterward, Prince Henry dedicated himself to exploring the trade routes of Africa to increase Portugal’s wealth. He inspired generations of explores. He also began searching for the legendary Prester John. Today Ceuta is an autonomous city within Spain. King John I and Philippa of Lancaster 5 The legend of Prester John The legend of Prester John (Presbyter Johannes) told of a Christian king ruling a kingdom somewhere in Ethiopia, Asia, or both. Prester John was said to be a descendent of one of the Three Magi (the three wise men of the Bible). Inside his kingdom were the Gates of Alexander, the Fountain of Youth, and the entrance to the biblical paradise. The story circulated throughout Europe between the 12th and the 17th centuries. 6 Prince Henry’s Expeditions Prince Henry sponsored many expeditions of discovery. He hired Jehuda Cresques, a famous Jewish cartographer, to map the new discoveries. Prince Henry was responsible for the development of the caravel, a ship designed for exploration. Caravel Below: Monument to Prince Henry and other Portuguese maritime explorers, Lisbon Under Prince Henry’s direction, many Portuguese settlements were established along the African coast: 1419: Madeira Islands 1427: The Azores 1435: Cape Verde (Cap-Vert) 1446: Bissau 1456: Cape Verde Islands • • • • • 7 Bartholomew Diaz Bartholomew Diaz was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. 8 Bartholomew Diaz King John II of Portugal directed Diaz to lead an expedition to discover a sea route to India, which would allow direct trade between the two countries. Clockwise from top: King John II, Diaz rounds the Cape, man-ofwar, Bartholomew Diaz 9 Diaz lost sight of the coast at Port Nolloth. His ship was driven by a storm until he reached Mossel Bay in South Africa on February 2, 1488. He continued up to the Great Fish River, which flows into the Indian Ocean. Diaz noticed the change in current and the north-easterly trend of the coast and concluded that he had reached the Indian Ocean. Port Nolloth Great Fish River Mossel Bay Indian Ocean 10 Zheng He 11 Zheng He A Person of Extraordinary Ability Zheng He is China's most famous maritime explorer. His extraordinary ability and vision found brilliant expression in the great achievements of his life, including maritime exploration, foreign diplomacy, and military affairs. Shortly after Zhu Di ascended the to throne as the Yongle Emperor, he assigned Zheng He to the area of maritime affairs. Zheng He first conducted an exhaustive study of existing nautical charts, celestial navigation, eastern and western almanacs, astronomy and geography, marine sciences, piloting, and shipbuilding and repair Between the third year of the Yongle reign period (1405) and the eighth year of the Xuande reign period (1433), Zheng He led seven great western maritime expeditions, crisscrossing the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean into the Persian Gulf and Red Sea, and reaching as far west as the east coast of Africa. There is evidence of Zheng He's visits in over thirty Asian and African countries and regions. These seven voyages, unprecedented in size, organization, navigational technology, and range, demonstrated not only the power and wealth of the Ming Dynasty, but also Zheng He's extraordinary command ability 12 13 Christopher Columbus 14 Christopher Columbus’ Map 15 Columbus Needed Money for the Expedition Columbus first presented his planned expedition in 1485 to John II, king of Portugal, but the king refused to finance it. The king and queen of Spain, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, agreed to fund Columbus' expedition in 1492. John II of Portugal Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain 16 Spain and Portugal, 1492 17 The expedition’s flagship, the Santa Maria, was a carrack. The Niña and Pinta were caravels. Historical replicas of Columbus’ ships: 18 Niña Pinta Santa Maria The Santa Maria compared to modern ocean vessels Top: The USS Nimitz Below: A replica of Columbus' flagship the Santa Maria in front of the cruise ship AIDAblu Chart of comparative sizes •USS Nimitz (blue): 333 meters •AIDAblu (orange): 245 meters •Santa Maria (green): 18 meters Replica of the Santa Maria 19 On October 12, 1492, Columbus landed on what is now Watling's Island in the Bahamas. He named it San Salvador. He sailed on to the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. Columbus left the New World on January 16, 1493, and arrived in Spain on March 15. The Pinzón brothers: • Alonso Pinzón (left) was the captain of the Pinta. •Vicente Yáñez Pinzón (right) was the captain of the Niña. 20 21 Watling’s Island Hispaniola Today Nautical chart of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, 1639 22 Columbus was appointed governor and viceroy over the new lands he had claimed for Spain. •Second voyage: September 25, 1493, Columbus left from Cádiz, Spain, on a voyage of discovery with 16 ships and about 1500 men, including Juan Ponce de León. He found several islands, including Puerto Rico. •Third voyage: May 30, 1498, he left Sanlúcar with six ships, exploring the gulf between Trinidad and Venezuela. •Fourth voyage: May 11, 1502, he left Cádiz with four ships, exploring the Caribbean coast of Central America. •In 1500 upon returning to Spain Columbus was arrested for exceeding his power as governor of Hispaniola. He was acquitted by Ferdinand and Isabella who funded his fourth voyage. •Columbus died in Spain on May 20, 1506. Columbus before Queen Isabella of Spain Ferdinand and Isabella 23 Columbus' tomb inside the Seville Cathedral The Columbian Exchange 24 Columbian Exchange Continued… http://www.youtu be.com/watch?v= HQPA5oNpfM4 25