Transcript That*s Classified

Part One
 What is classification?
 Phylogeny
 Binomial Nomenclature
 Dichotomous Keys
2
What is classification?
3
 Whenever you place similar items together, you are
classifying them.
 Look at the images on the next page.
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
What do they have in common?
How many different ways can you divide these flying things
into groups?
Choose a method to classify these objects. Start with 2
headings and then subdivide each group.
4
Phylogeny
5
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
The evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Used today to classify organisms into 6 Kingdoms:
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Plants –complex multicellular cells, make own food
Animals – complex multicellular cells, heterotrophs (eat other organisms)
Fungi – complex multicellular cells, decomposer, ex. Mushrooms, mold, &
mildew
Protists – complex unicellular, ex. algae
Archaebacteria – one celled, live in extreme environments
Eubacteria – one celled, most bacteria
(Secondary Science Program: Rhode Island College)
Kingdoms
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Pneumonic Device: King Phillip can only find green socks!
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Kingdom is the largest category and then it gets
subdivided into smaller and smaller groups.
Species is the smallest group - only organisms that
are the same species can mate & produce fertile
offspring
How does all of this work?
Kingdom Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Arthropoda
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Insecta
Order
Perissodactyla Perissodactyla
Proboscidea
Dictyoptera
Family
Equidae
Equidae
Elephantidae
Cryptocercidae
Genus
Equus
Equus
Elephas
Cryptocercus
species
grevyi
caballus
maximus
punctulatus
Zebra
Horse
Elephant
Cockroach
Common
Name
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Questions
9
 Which two organisms on the previous slide are most
closely related?
 Which are more closely related, the horse and
cockroach or horse and elephant?
Binomial Nomenclature
 Two word naming system. The first word is the genus. A
genus is a group of similar species. The second word is the
species.
 Example: Maple trees are in the genus Acer. There are many
kinds of maple trees, so they have a species name also.
 Acer rubrum – Red Maple
 Acer saccharum – Sugar Maple
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Why do we use Binomial Nomenclature?
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 Helps avoid mistakes.
 Example: Lizards
Green Iguana (Iguana Iguana)
Desert Iguana (Disposaurus doralis)
(Myska)
(Seaman)

Organisms with similar evolutionary
histories are classified together.
◦ Question: Look at the names of these
organisms. Which are more closely related?
 Panthera onca
 Lynx rufus
 Panthera tigris
 Puma concolor
jaguar
bobcat
tiger
cougar
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 Gives descriptive information about the species.
 Example: Acer rubrum – Red Maple. Rubrum is Latin
for red.
 Allow information about organisms to be easily
organized into books, pamphlets, etc.
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Question
• List, in order, the 7 categories used to classify
a single organism?
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Dichotomous Keys
• Detailed list of identifying characteristics and
scientific names
• Example: page 26 in textbook
15
• PART TWO – A CLOSER LOOK INTO THE ANIMAL
KINGDOM
16
Phyla of the Animal Kingdom
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•
•
Annelida
Arthropoda
Chordata
Cnidaria
Echinodermata
Mollusca
Nematoda
Porifera
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Phylum Annelida
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 Bilateral symmetry
 Uniformly segmented body
 Parapodia – fleshy “legs”
 Bristles
 Examples: earthworms, bristle worms, leeches
Phylum Annelida
Bristle Worm (Read)
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Phylum Arthropoda
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 Bilateral symmetry
 Segmented body
 Hard exoskeleton
 Jointed legs
 Examples: insects, spiders, crustaceans
Phylum Arthropoda
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(Sparks, 2007)
(NOAA, 2005)
(FreeDigitalPhotos.net, no date)
Phylum Chordata
 Bilateral symmetry
 Have or had a tail
 Notochord
 Embryonic gill slits
 Examples: vertebrates, sea squirts
22
Phylum Chordata
(Elasmodiver.com, no date)
(Fireflower
Systems Limited,
no date)
(Hicker, 2008)
23
Phylum Cnidaria
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•
•
•
Radial symmetry
Ring of tentacles around mouth
Stinging cells
Examples: jellyfish,
sea anemones, coral
(Muller, 2001)
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Phylum Cnidaria
(Chpt. 10)
(BBC)
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Phylum Echinodermata
 Five part radial symmetry
 Tube feet
 Spiny skin
 Examples: sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars
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Phylum Echinodermata
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(Zubi, 2005)
(Zubi, 2003)
(Ditchburn, no date)
Phylum Mollusca
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Bilateral symmetry
Have or had a shell
Soft bodied with a muscular “foot”
Examples: snails, slugs, bivalves, squid, octopus
Phylum Mollusca
(Huston, no date)
(Zander, 2007)
(Xylem Elements, 2008)
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Phylum Nematoda
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Bilateral symmetry
Round, unsegmented body
Cuticle
Example: round worms, hook worms, pin worms
Phylum Nematoda
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(Myers, 2001)
Phylum Porifera
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Asymmetrical or radial symmetry
Have many pores
Made up of a group of cells that have aggregated
but do not form tissues
Example: Sponges
(Missouri Botanical Garden,
2002)
Phylum Porifera
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Follow-up Questions
34
Sketch an organism with bilateral symmetry and
one with radial symmetry. Draw the lines of
symmetry over your sketch.
Which of the following is an animal?
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a.
b.
c.
d.
Mushroom
Spider
Maple tree
Bacteria