That`s_Classifiedfor students[1]
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Transcript That`s_Classifiedfor students[1]
Part One
What is classification?
Phylogeny
Binomial Nomenclature
Dichotomous Keys
What is classification?
Whenever you place similar items together, you are
classifying them.
Look at the images on the next page.
What do they have in common?
How many different ways can you divide these flying things
into groups?
Choose a method to classify these objects. Start with 2
headings and then subdivide each group.
Phylogeny
The evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Used today to classify organisms into 6 Kingdoms:
Plantae (Plants) –complex multicellular cells, autotrophic (make own
food) by photosynthesis
Animalia (Animals) – complex multicellular cells, heterotrophic (eat other
organisms)
Fungi – complex multicellular cells, decomposer, ex. Mushrooms, mold, &
mildew-heterotrophs
(Protistia) Protists – complex unicellular, ex. Algae, some are autotrophic
and some are heterotrophic
Archaebacteria – one celled, live in extreme environments –autotrophic
by chemosythesis
Eubacteria – one celled, most bacteria-some autotrophic and some
heterotrophic
Classification by Phylogeny
Domain
Kingdoms
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Pneumonic Device: Did King Phillip count only five green
socks?
Domain is the largest category: Archaea, Bacteria,
or Eukarya
Kingdom is the next largest category and then it
gets subdivided into smaller and smaller groups.
Species is the smallest group - only organisms that
are the same species and can mate & produce
fertile offspring
How does all of this work?
Domain
Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Eukarya
Animalia
Eukarya
Animalia
Eukarya
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Arthropoda
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Insecta
Order
Perissodactyla Perissodactyla
Proboscidea
Dictyoptera
Family
Equidae
Equidae
Elephantidae
Cryptocercidae
Genus
Equus
Equus
Elephas
Cryptocercus
species
grevyi
caballus
maximus
punctulatus
Zebra
Horse
Elephant
Cockroach
Common
Name
Questions
Which two organisms on the previous slide are most
closely related?
Which are more closely related, the horse and
cockroach or horse and elephant?
Binomial Nomenclature
Two word naming system. The first word is the genus. A
genus is a group of similar species. The second word is the
species.
Example: Maple trees are in the genus Acer. There are many
kinds of maple trees, so they have a species name also.
Acer rubrum – Red Maple
Acer saccharum – Sugar Maple
Why do we use Binomial Nomenclature?
Helps avoid mistakes.
Example: Lizards
Green Iguana (Iguana Iguana)
Desert Iguana (Disposaurus doralis)
(Myska)
(Seaman)
• Organisms with similar evolutionary histories
are classified together.
– Question: Look at the names of these organisms.
Which are more closely related?
•
•
•
•
Panthera onca
Lynx rufus
Panthera tigris
Puma concolor
jaguar
bobcat
tiger
cougar
Gives descriptive information about the species.
Example: Acer rubrum – Red Maple. Rubrum is Latin
for red.
Allows information about organisms to be easily
organized into books, pamphlets, etc.
Question
List, in order, the 8 categories used to classify a
single organism?
Dichotomous Keys
• Detailed list of identifying characteristics and
scientific names
• PART TWO – A CLOSER LOOK INTO THE ANIMAL
KINGDOM
Phyla of the Animal Kingdom
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Annelida
Arthropoda
Chordata
Cnidaria
Echinodermata
Mollusca
Nematoda
Porifera
Phylum Annelida
Bilateral symmetry
Uniformly segmented body
Parapodia – fleshy “legs”
Bristles
Examples: earthworms, bristle worms, leeches
Phylum Annelida
Bristle Worm (Read)
Phylum Arthropoda
Bilateral symmetry
Segmented body
Hard exoskeleton
Jointed legs
Examples: insects, spiders, crustaceans
Phylum Arthropoda
(Sparks, 2007)
(NOAA, 2005)
(FreeDigitalPhotos.net, no date)
Phylum Chordata
Bilateral symmetry
Have or had a tail
Notochord
Embryonic gill slits
Examples: vertebrates, sea squirts
Phylum Chordata
(Elasmodiver.com, no date)
(Fireflower
Systems Limited,
no date)
(Hicker, 2008)
Phylum Cnidaria
•
•
•
•
Radial symmetry
Ring of tentacles around mouth
Stinging cells
Examples: jellyfish,
sea anemones, coral
(Muller, 2001)
Phylum Cnidaria
(Chpt. 10)
(BBC)
Phylum Echinodermata
Five part radial symmetry
Tube feet
Spiny skin
Examples: sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars
Phylum Echinodermata
(Zubi, 2005)
(Zubi, 2003)
(Ditchburn, no date)
Phylum Mollusca
Bilateral symmetry
Have or had a shell
Soft bodied with a muscular “foot”
Examples: snails, slugs, bivalves, squid, octopus
Phylum Mollusca
(Huston, no date)
(Zander, 2007)
(Xylem Elements, 2008)
Phylum Nematoda
Bilateral symmetry
Round, unsegmented body
Cuticle
Example: round worms, hook worms, pin worms
Phylum Nematoda
(Myers, 2001)
Phylum Porifera
Asymmetrical or radial symmetry
Have many pores
Made up of a group of cells that have aggregated
but do not form tissues
Example: Sponges
(Missouri Botanical Garden,
2002)
Phylum Porifera
Follow-up Questions
Sketch an organism with bilateral symmetry and
one with radial symmetry. Draw the lines of
symmetry over your sketch.
Which of the following is an animal?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Mushroom
Spider
Maple tree
Bacteria
Useful Websites
Visual of types of symmetry
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article//
arthropods_04
Sources
BBC. Coral. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/pictures/galleries/newsid_1842000/1842534.stm
Chpt. 10: Sponges, Cnidarians, & Worms. Jellyfish. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://ez002.k12.sd.us/Chapter%20Ten%20Science.htm
Daniel, L., Ortleb, E., Feather, R.M., Rillero, P., Leach Snyder, S., & Zike, D. (2005). Indiana Science: Grade 7.
New York: Glencoe.
Ditchburn, Derrick. (no date). Sea urchin shell. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://www.dereila.ca/dereilaimages/Marine.html
Elasomodiver.com. (no date). Sea Squirt. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from
http://www.elasmodiver.com/BCMarinelife/BCML%20Urochordata.htm
Fireflower Systems Limited. (no date). Mountain Goat. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from
http://www.fireflower.ca/page_envi_case2.php?lang=en
FreeDigitalPhotos.net. (no date). Butterfly. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from
http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/details.php?gid=63&sgid=&pid=202
Indiana’s Academic Standards Resource. (2003). That’s Classified. Indiana Department of Education. 171176.
Hicker, Rolf. (2008). Bald Eagle. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://www.travel.hickerphoto.com/bird_watching_eagles.jsp
Huston, Turner. Squid. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://students.umf.maine.edu/~hustontf/squid.html
Jaikaran, S. (2007). Spongebob Squarepants. Online Image. Message posted to
http://www.shivanjaikaran.com/blog/?m=200707
Missouri Botanical Garden. (2002). Sponge. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://www.mbgnet.net/salt/coral/animals/sponges.htm
Sources
Muller, Michael. (2001). Animal Diversity: Form and Function. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/animaldiversity.htm
Myers, P. (2001). Nematoda 1 & 2. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nematoda.html
Myska, Petr. (no date). Green Iguana. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from
http://www.vivanatura.org/Iguana%20iguana%20ExtraPhotos.html
NOAA (2005). Crab. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/islands01/log/sep29/media/crab.html
Read, Geoffrey. (no date). Bristle Worm. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from
http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/SeaLife/MarineAnimalsWithoutBackbones/3/ENZ-Resources/Standard/1/en
Seaman, Richard. (no date). Desert Iguana. Online Image. Retrieved from http://www.richardseaman.com/Reptiles/Usa/Nevada/ValleyOfFire/index.html
Secondary Science Program: Rhode Island College. (No date). The Six Kingdoms. Retrieved August 3, 2008, from
http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/Six_Kingdoms/Index.htm
Sparks, Matthew. (2007). Bee. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/05/bigcity_bees.php
Xylem Elements. (2008). Slug. Online Image. Message posted to http://www.xylemelements.com/blog/?m=200803
Zander, Jon. (2007). Bivalve. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Unknown_Bivalve.JPG
Zubi, Teresa. (2003). Seastar. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://www.starfish.ch/cinvertebrates/seesterne.html
Zubi, Teresa. (2005). Sea Urchin. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://www.starfish.ch/cinvertebrates/seesterne.html