Transcript INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY

INVERTEBRATE
ZOOLOGY
BIOLOGY 320
FALL 2005
COURSE INTRODUCTION
General Information
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Aaron L. Payette, M.S.
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WHI 177a
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895-4918
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[email protected]
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Office hours
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Tuesday, 10am – 11am
Also by appointment
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Lecture – Tues and Thurs, 4pm – 5:15pm, here
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Laboratory – Tuesday in FMA 110
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Textbook – Ruppert, Fox and Barnes 7th Edition
Use side door
Section 01 – 12:30pm – 3:20pm
Section 02 – 5:30pm – 8:20pm
Manual – Wallace and Taylor
Lab instructor – Marty Erwin
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895-0807
[email protected]
Learning Objectives
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Understand the basics of common phyla
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Taxonomy
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Interesting structures
How body systems function
Links between form and function
Evolution
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Important Phyla, Classes, Genera, and Species
Anatomy and physiology
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Protozoa, plus 19 out of roughly 35 animal phyla
Adaptations
Evolutionary relationships
Ecology
Assessment
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Lecture
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3 lecture exams
Cumulative final exam
65% of total grade
Laboratory
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2 laboratory exams
Lab notebook
Field trip or paper
35% of total grade
Tips for Succeeding in Lecture
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Read assigned chapters before attending lecture (do the same for
lab)
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Study at least 10 hrs per week, from book and notes (similar but
not exactly the same)
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See me with specific questions
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Tests are combination of multiple-choice and short answer / fillin questions
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Test questions will be derived from both the book and lecture
notes
Grading and “Will There Be a Curve?”
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Vote for preferred system
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Standard
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A = 90% or above
B = 80% - 89%
C = 70% - 79%
Etc.
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No curve unless absolutely
necessary
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No extra credit
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Plus / Minus
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A = 93% or above
A- = 90% - 92%
B+ = 87% - 89%
Etc.
Missed / Late Exam Policy
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No make-up exams, except with:
Medical documentation
 Legal documentation
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Make-up exams will be essay form
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If you arrive late to an exam, and even one exam
has already been turned in, you will be given an
essay test
Miscellaneous
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Do NOT share information regarding
laboratory exams with students in another
section. This is cheating, and if you are caught
sharing information, you will fail the course and
possibly be expelled.
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Lecture and laboratory schedules are
TENTATIVE
The Biological Sciences
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Biology – study of life
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Many different fields (some examples)
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Zoology – study of animals
Anatomy – study of morphological structures
Physiology – study of how body structures (cells, organs,
organ systems, etc) function
Evolution – study of change over time (molecular level to
ecosystem level)
Ecology – study of how organisms interact and affect their
environments, or vice versa
Hierarchy of Life
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Atomic level to the biosphere
level
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Figure covers molecular level
to ecosystem level
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An ecologist may be a
community ecologist, a
population ecologist, etc.
Three Domains of Life
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Three large groups called domains
Bacteria - prokaryotes
 Archaea - prokaryotes
 Eukarya - eukaryotes
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Prokaryotic – cells lack a nucleus
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Eukaryotic – cells possess a nucleus and
membrane bound organelles
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Classification is
continually changing
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Some scientists don’t
subscribe to the three
domain method of
classification
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Domain Bacteria
Some still use the Five
Kingdom method
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
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Domain Eukarya
consists of several
kingdoms
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Protista - single celled
(several kingdoms)
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Plantae - multicellular
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Fungi - multicellular
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Animalia - multicellular
Protists
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Diversity of Life
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DNA is the molecule responsible for diversity
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Specific regions of DNA (genes) code for specific types of
proteins
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Speciation occurs several ways
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Allopatric
Adaptive radiation
Sympatric
If reproductive barriers arise between populations, speciation
will occur
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Prezygotic barriers
Postzygotic barriers
Evolution
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Origin of Species published
by Charles Darwin in 1859
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Concepts
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Descent with modification
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Natural selection – inherited
traits within a species are
selected for or against
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Adaptation – features that
have evolved by means of
natural selection
Invertebrate Zoology
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Study of invertebrate animals
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Inverts make up at least 99% of all extant (living) animal species
on the planet
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Over 1,000,000 described spp. (species) on the planet (mostly
insects)
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Estimated 10 to 30 million spp. have yet to be described
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We will cover 19 (time permitting) of the approx. 35 animal
phyla
Preview of Phyla We Will Cover
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Protozoa – animal-like
protists
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Do not belong to kingdom
animalia, and thus are not
considered to be invertebrate
animals
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Important evolutionary link
between prokaryotes, and
everyday plants and animals
Volvox
Phylum Porifera
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Sponges
Phylum Cnidaria
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Jellyfish, Anemones, and Corals
Portuguese Man O’ War
Phylum Ctenophora
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Comb Jellies
Phylum Platyhelminthes
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Flatworms
Phylum Nemertea
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Ribbon Worms
Phylum Mollusca
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Chitons, Clams, Snails, Slugs, Squids, and Octopi
Banana Slug
Phylum Annelida
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Segmented Worms
Phylum Echiura
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Spoonworms
Phylum Sipuncula
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Peanut Worms
Phylum Tardigrada
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Water Bears
Phylum Arthropoda
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Horseshoe Crabs, Arachnids, Crustaceans,
Myriapods, and Insects
Phylum Gastrotricha
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Name means “stomach hair”
Phylum Nematoda
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Roundworms
Caenorhabditis elegans = good
Ascaris lumbricoides = bad
Phylum Rotifera
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Wheel bearers
Phylum Phoronida
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A lophophorate
Phylum Brachiopoda
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Lamp shells, another lophophorate
Phylum Bryozoa
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Bryozoans, the largest phylum in the
superphylum Lophophorata
Phylum Echinodermata
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Starfish, Brittle Stars, Urchins, and Sea Cucumbers
Phylum Chordata
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Phylum Chordata is
the only phylum
containing vertebrate
animals, however,
there are some
invertebrate chordates
Taxonomy
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Linnean system (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
Species) is almost abandoned
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Genus species (binomial nomenclature) is still used
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Lumbricus terrestris
Lumbricus terrestris
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Scientists are more interested in evolutionary relationships (how
are organisms similar / different), as opposed to what “What
class do shrimp belong to?”
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Taxonomic names, and proposed evolutionary relationships
change frequently
Cladistics
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Method embraced by the authors of your text for constructing
evolutionary relationships in the form of phylogenetic trees, or
cladograms
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May be assembled according to morphology and/or molecular
data (nucleic acid or amino acid sequences)
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Can be used to infer a great deal about evolutionary relationships
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But it is easy to make mistakes
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Homology – good indication of a relationship
Analogy - misleading
Morphological Vs. Molecular Data
Body Plan Data
rRNA Data
Ground Plan
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For each Phylum we cover, you want to understand that
group’s ground plan (basic set of characteristics)
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These characteristics are useful for determining
differences / similarities between phyla
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Ground plan for Phylum Arthropoda (example):
segmented body, chitinous exoskeleton, periodic molts,
and jointed appendages