Transcript SOL-Life Science Review

Life Science
SOL Review
Mutter
Cells and Genetics
• Hooke was 1st person to observe cells
• Cells
– Basic Unit of structure and function of life
– Prokaryote: bacteria/no nucleus
– Eukaryote: membrane structures; everything
but bacteria
– Unicellular: only one cell (has structures to
carry out functions)
– Multicellular: many celled (work together)
Cell parts
• Cell membrane: outer layer/holds cell
together; allows materials to pass into and
out of cell
• Cytoplasm: Jelly like material where life
processes take place/ parts float in it
• Mitochondria: cells powerstations/
energy is produced here
• Endoplasmic Reticulum: transport
system of cell/some protein is made here
Cell parts cont.
• Cell Wall: Protects and supports the
PLANT cell
• Chloroplasts: site of photosynthesis/ only
in PLANT cell.
• Nucleus: “brain”/ controls the activities of
the cell
• Vacuole: where cells store water, food,
and other materials
Cell processes
• Respiration:
• Photosynthesis:
Cell Division
• Mitosis: genetic material in the nucleus
copies itself; nuclear material splits in half
so that each daughter cell gets material
that is the same as that of a parent; exact
copies.
• Meiosis: combining cells from 2 different
parents; half the genetic material comes
from each parent; sexual reporduction.
Meiosis
Cell Theory
• All living things are made of cells; cells are the
smallest structure of living things that can
perform the processes necessary for life; living
cells come only from other living things.
• Organization of living things:
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Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
organism
Genetics
• Species: organism
reproduces only its
own kind; fertile
offspring
• DNA: genetic
material found in
cells nucleus;
blueprint for the
cell (double helix)
Genetics cont.
• Genes: segments of DNA; control traits;
you inherited your genes and the traits
from your parents
• Chromosomes: genes are located on
chromosomes in the nuclei; they contain
many thousands of genes; 23 pairs
• Female: XX chromosomes
• Male: XY chromosomes
Genetics cont.
• Heredity: passing of traits from parents to
offspring
• Allele: Each gene in a pair; you inherit 2
alleles for each trait
• Dominant allele: masks the effect of the
other allele
• Recessive allele: the allele that is
masked/covered
Genetics cont.
• Purebred: Tow of the same alleles whether
dominant or recessive (TT or tt)
• Hybrid: both a dominant and a recessive allele
for a trait (Tt)
• Genotype: set of alleles an organism has for a
trait (Tt)
• Phenotype: the appearance the trait takes on
• Mutation: random change in genes
• Adaptation: characteristics that help organism
survive
Punnett Square
• Used to predict traits; male on top;
dominant is shown with a capital letter and
recessive with a lower case letter; each
square is ¼ or 25% of the predicted
Other definitions:
• Three ways material is moved in and out
of a cell
– Osmosis-diffusion of water across a
membrane
– Diffusion-movement of molecules from higher
concentration to lower concentration
– Active transport-movement of materials
through a cell membrane using energy.
Other definitions
• Eutrophication: build up of nutrients in
freshwater; leads to algae growth
• Pheromone: chemical released by one
animal that affects behavior of antoher of
same species
• Tropism: growth response of plant toward
or away from stimulus
• Phototropism: growth response toward
light
Biomes-Forests
• Tropical Rain forest
• Deciduous Forest
• Coniferous
Biomes
• Grasslands
– Temperate Grasslands
– Tropical Grassland
Biomes
• Deserts
– Hot
– Cold
Biomes
• Tundra
Biomes
• Water
– Freshwater
– Marine
Kingdoms
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Some say 5 some say 6
Animal
Plant
Fungus
Protist
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Seven Levels of Classification
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
King Philip can only find
green snakes" can be used
to memorize the hierarchy
for the classification of
organisms which is
kingdom, phylum, class,
order, family, genus, and
species.
Ecosystem vocabulary
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Phototropism
Hibernation
Eutrophication
Parasite
Host
Biotic
Abiotic
Omnivore
Carnivore
Herbivore
•Nitrogen cycle
•Carbon-oxygen cycle
•Ecosystem
•Biome
•Food web
•Food chain
Animal Kingdom
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Chordate Phylum
Arthropod Phylum
Mollusk Phylum
Annelid Phylum
Nematode Phylum
Cnidarian Phylum
Echinoderm
Phylum
Plant kingdom
• Mosses, liverworts,
hornworts
• Ferns, club mosses,
horsetails
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
Extra vocabulary
• Bilateral symmetry
• Radial symmetry
Body Systems
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Circulatory
Digestive
Endocrine
Excretory
Immune
Muscular
Nervous
Reproductive
Respiratory
Skeletal
Skin