Transcript File

Growth and
Expansion
Unity and Sectionalism
Chapter 9, Section 2
Pages 302 - 305
Did You Know?
Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton were not the only
leaders in early America to fight a duel.
In 1809 Kentucky state legislator and Republican Henry
Clay and his Federalist part colleague, Humphrey
Marshall, disagreed over an embargo of British-made
goods.
Clay challenged Marshall to a duel. The two men fired
three rounds at each other, and both suffered minor
wounds. Neither man changed his mind about the
embargo.
The Era of Good Feelings
James Monroe won the 1816 presidential election
easily. He had been involved in national politics since
the American Revolution.
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Political differences seemed to disappear during this
Era of Good Feelings, and Monroe’s presidency also
symbolized the era.
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He traveled around the nation as far south as
Savannah and as far west as Detroit.
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In 1820 Monroe was reelected, receiving all but one
electoral vote.
Sectionalism Grows
Regional difference soon surfaced, and the Era of Good
Feelings disappeared.
This promoted sectionalism, or loyalty to a region.
Differences arose over slavery and national policies.
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Slavery was opposed in the North and protected in the
South.
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National policies --- such as tariffs, a national bank, and
internal improvements, or federal, state, and privately
funded projects to develop the nation’s transportation
system --- were not accepted in all regions of the Union.
John Calhoun
John Calhoun, a planter from South Carolina, was the
spokesman from the South.
Early on he favored support for internal improvements,
developing industries, and a national bank.
In the 1820’s, be backed state sovereignty, or the belief
that states should have power over the federal government,
and was against high tariffs.
Calhoun said high tariffs raised the prices of manufactured
goods planters could not produce themselves and tariffs
protected unproductive corporations.
Daniel Webster
Daniel Webster was first elected to Congress in 1812 to
represent New Hampshire. In later years, he represented
Massachusetts in the House and Senate.
He began his career as a supporter of free trade and the
shipping interests of New England.
In time he began to favor the Tariff of 1816, which protected
American industries from foreign competition, and other
policies that would strength the nation and help the North.
He became known as a great orator when, as a senator, he
spoke in defense of the nation.
Henry Clay
Henry Clay of Kentucky, a leader who represented Western
states, became Speaker of the House in 1811.
He served as a member of the group who negotiated the
Treaty of Ghent to end the War of 1812.
Clay became known as the national leader who tried to
resolve sectional disputes and conflict through compromise.
The Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise reached in March 1820 tried
to preserve the balance between the North and South.
The South wanted Missouri, part of the Louisiana
Purchase, admitted as a slave state, and the North
wanted Missouri to be a free state.
The Compromise stated that:
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Missouri would be admitted as a slave state.
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Maine, still part of Massachusetts, was to be admitted
as a free state.
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Slavery was to be banned in the remaining part of the
Louisiana Territory north of the 36° 30’ North parallel.
Slave States
The American System
Henry Clay proposed a program called the American
System in 1824.
He felt that all regions of the nation would benefit from
his program:
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a protective tariff,
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a program of internal improvements, especially building
roads and canals to stimulate trade, and
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a national bank to promote one national currency and to
lend money to build industry.
The American System
Not everyone agreed.
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Thomas Jefferson thought that the American System
favored the wealthy manufacturing classes of New
England.
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The South agreed with Jefferson and did not see how
they would benefit from the tariff and internal
improvements.
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Congress adopted some internal improvements and
created the controversial Second Bank of the United
States.
Supreme Court Cases
The Supreme Court heard several cases that involved
sectional and states’ rights issues.
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McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819 involved the issue of
whether of not the state of Maryland had the right to
impose a tax on the Second Bank of the United States.
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Maryland did not
have the right to tax the Bank because it was a federal
institution.
In the case Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court said
that states could not enact legislation that would interfere
with congressional power over interstate commerce.
Foreign Affairs
President Monroe signed two agreements to resolve
long-standing disputes with Britain.
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The first was the Rush-Bagot Treaty, signed in 1817.
It set limits on the number of naval vessels each could
have on the Great Lakes. It also provided for the
disarmament, or removal of weapons, along the boarder
between British Canada and the United States.
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The second was the Convention of 1818, in which the
official boundary of the Louisiana Territory was set at the
49th parallel and became a demilitarized zone, one
without arms. America was also given the rights to settle
in the Oregon Territory.
Andrew Jackson and Spanish Florida
When General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish East
Florida in April 1818 and took control of two Spanish
forts, he went beyond his orders to stop Seminole raids
on American territory.
The Spanish minister to the United States, Luis de Onis,
protested and Secretary of War John Calhoun said that
Jackson should be court-martialed.
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams disagreed.
The Adams-Onis Treaty
Spain signed the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819, in which
Spain gave East Florida to the United States and gave up
claims to West Florida.
In return the United States gave up claims to Spanish
Texas and agreed to pay $5 million that American citizens
claimed Spain owed them for damages.
The border between the United States and Spanish
possessions in the Northwest was extended from the Gulf
of Mexico to the 42nd parallel and then west to the Pacific.
The United States gained a large piece of territory on the
Pacific northwest as a result of the treaty.
The Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine, issued on December 2, 1823,
served to protect North America from increased
European involvement.
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It stated that the United States would not interfere with
any existing European colonies in the Americas, but it
would oppose any new ones.
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When the doctrine was issued, the United States did not
have the military power to enforce it. However, it became
and has remained an important part of American foreign
policy.