Transcript ch. 8 The United States of North America

www.buschistory.net/youtube
Chapter Eight
The Federalist Era
The United States Of
North America
1789-1800
Pres. Washington 1789-1797
• Inaugurated April 30, 1789 Federal Hall
NYC
• Precedents:
–
–
–
–
–
The Cabinet – Henry Knox,
Thomas Jefferson,
Alexander Hamilton,
Edmund Randolph
2 Term Limit
Key Legislation
• Judiciary Act of 1789
– Created Federal Court
system with original
jurisdiction
– Sets up Judicial
Review
– Enabled the President
to appoint judges to the
Supreme Court
• Bill of Rights 1791
– Federalists kept their
promise
– Codified the rights of
the people
– The first ten
amendments to the
Constitution
Shaping the Bill of Rights
•
•
•
•
First 10 amendments to the Constitution
Adopted during first session of new federal Congress
1789- more than 200 potential amendments
1790- Congress passed 12 that were
sent to the states
• 1791- 10 survived the ratification
process
• Protected “essential rights” such as
freedom of speech, press, religion,
assembly, petition, restrain from
unreasonable searches/seizures, etc.
** The most important constitutional
legacy of the Anti-Federalists**
Legislation Continued
• Hamilton’s
Economic Plan
– Tariff of 1789
– The Fed. Govt.
assumes the debts of
the states
– Bonds
– The South resisted and
compromised when the
capital would be
moved to Wash. DC
• The Bank of the
United States
• Used the theory of
“Implied Powers”
th
11
Amendment
• 11th Amendment 1798
– No state can be sued by citizens of another
state.
– Prevented disputes between states largely over
land claims.
Jay’s and Pinckney’s Treaties
• Jay’s- negotiated in 1794 to resolve the
outstanding differences between the U.S. and
Great Britain
– British withdrawal from American soil by 1794
and status of most-favored-nation for both
countries
– Allowed Britain to concentrate on defeating
France
– France became angry with these alleged
violations of their treaty and seized 300
American ships and broke off diplomatic
relations – Quasi War.
• Napoleon Bonaparte ended squabble when he
came into power as Prime Minister of France
•
Pinckney’s- opened New Orleans as an
international port.
• Finally established American control over the
land west of the Appalachians + opened the
Mississippi to American commerce/shipping
Relations with Others
• French Revolution of the 1790’s
– Franco-American alliance of 1778- required U.S.
support in the war with Britain
– Washington proclaimed neutrality on April 22, 1793
• Assured world that the U.S. intended to pursue “a conduct
friendly and impartial towards the belligerent powers.” while
continuing to do business with all sides
• Indian Peoples
– Indian Intercourse Act, 1790, attempt to eliminate trade
abuses
– Tensions existed over land/territorial rights
– Conflict continued to characterize the relationship
between Americans and Indian peoples
The XYZ Affair – and an
unlucky turn of events
• 1798
• An attempt to
negotiate with France
• The French were
seizing American
Ships (Quasi War)
• They were also angry
over Jay’s Treaty
• The French diplomats
demanded money to
negotiate – a bribe?
• Adams refused
• Adams substituted their
names with X, Y, AND Z
to keep from further
inflaming the issue.
• His popularity soared –
until….
Alien and Sedition Acts
• 1789, Federal majority in Congress + President Adams passed
four acts
– Naturalization Act- extended required residency for citizenship from five to
14 years
– Alien Act & Alien Enemies Act- president imprisons/deports suspected
aliens during wartime
– Sedition Act- made it a criminal act to print or publish false, malicious, or
scandalous statements directed against the U.S. government, the president,
or Congress; to foster opposition to the lawful acts of Congress; or to aid a
foreign power in plotting against the United States
– These severely limited freedom of speech and press
– Purpose- Keep out foreigners/ immigrants and was Federalists’ weapon
against Democratic Republicans
• Overturned by Democratic Republican victory in the national
election of 1800 – The “Peaceful Revolution.”
Struggle for Liberty vs. Need for Unity
Farmers of Mingo
Creek
• Poverty was pervasive and many
depended on the income from their
stills
• Peaceful protesting began, but it
soon turned violent
• Cried “Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity.. And No Excise”
• Whiskey Rebels raised important
issues
– Power and authority of the new
federal government
– Relation of the West to the nation
– Nature of political dissent
– Meaning of Revolutionary tradition
The Whiskey Rebellion
• Congress places tax on Whiskey to
pay for war, 1791
• Whiskey Rebellion declared “the
first ripe fruit” of the democratic
sentiment
• Federal Army of 13,000 men, led
by Washington, sent to PA to stop
conflict
• Many were held in custody, 20
arrested and tried, two charged for
treason and sentenced to death
• Protests finally died down and
Federal Power prevailed over local
community
Disagreements lead to
Federalists and Republicans
• In favor of strong federal
government, friendship
with the British, and
opposition to the French
Revolution
• Power based among
merchants property
owners and urban workers
tied to the commercial
economy
• Minority party after 1800
• Arose as the opposition to
the Federalists
• In favor of limiting federal
power, sympathetic to
French Revolution, and
hostile to Britain
• Drew strength from
southern planters and
northern farmers
• Majority party after 1800
National Culture
• Revolutionary generation of writers, artists and
other intellectuals built nation culture
• New found Art and Architecture style added to
the great deal accomplished in their efforts