Transcript A New Nation from homex

A New Nation
 Our Constitution is in actual operation;
everything appears to promise that it
will last; but in this world nothing is
certain but death and taxes.
-Benjamin Franklin
World Events:
French Revolution
Economic and social
inequities have at
times have led
peoples to revolt
against their
governments
Problem facing the United
States at the end of the war
DEBT
U.S. owes money to foreign
countries, merchants, and
speculators
Federalist Plan
Alexander Hamilton
(Federalist)
*Create a National Bank
and have the Federal
government assume the
debt of the Revolution.
How to collect money?
 1. Tariffs: tax on imported goods, pass bill
onto consumers.
 2. “Whiskey tax”: tax on distilled goods being
transported.
 Sound familiar…?
Whiskey Rebellion
 Proves that the National government is
committed to enforcing its laws
Two Party System emerges
 Political party: group of people
who seek to hold public office to
shape how the government is run.
 Federalists v. Anti-Federalists
 Big Government v. Small Government
 Federalists v. Jeffersonian
or
 Federalists v. Democratic Republicans
Key politicians
Alexander Hamilton
*Federalist
Thomas Jefferson
*Jeffersonian
*Democratic Republican
French and British at war AGAIN!
WHO SHOULD THE US SUPPORT?
U.S. conflicted:
 United States trades with Great Britain and
Great Britain controls the seas …but,
 France loaned US money for the Revolution
 DECISION: NEUTRALITY (1793)
 HOWEVER…
1. British are seizing American trading
ships
2. British continue to support Indians in
the Northwest territory
Many Americans increasingly angry and
bitter toward British (anti- British
sentiment)
Jay’s Treaty
 Goal: To secure peace with Great Britain.
“My objects are, to prevent war,
If justice can be obtained”
1. British agree to leave forts in Northeast territory
2. Will not end practice of stopping American ships
Treaty is Controversial
How does this cartoon depict the world politics facing the United
States?
Federalists ideology
• National Debt as
•
•
•
•
•
credit
Loose interpretation
of Constitution
Strong central
government
Pro- business
Political power to
reside with wealthy
and educated
Supporters in
Northeast
Jeffersonian Republicans
• Pay off debt
• Strict view of Constitution
• Weak central government
• Promoted states’ rights
• Pro-agriculture
• Common man should
hold power
• Diverse support including
southern slave holders
Compare the parties
FEDERALISTS V. JEFFERSONIANS
• National debt as credit
• Loose interpretation of
Constitution
• Strong central
government
• Pro- business
• Political power to reside
with wealthy and
educated
• Supporters in Northeast
*support British
• Pay off debt
• Strict view of Constitution
• Weak central government
• Promoted states’ rights
• Pro-agriculture
• Common man should hold
power
• Diverse support including
southern slave holders
 *support French
Things that created tension
within United States…?
 National bank, economic program
 Support of British
 Whiskey tax, Whiskey Rebellion
George Washington on political parties
 (A system of
political
parties)
agitates the
community
with illfounded
jealousies and
false alarms;
kindles the
animosity of
one part
against
another , and
foments (stirs
up)
occasionally
riot and
insurrection.
• What does George
Washington mean by this
quote?
• Considering the situation
of the political parties
today do you agree or
disagree with George
Washington? Be
prepared to explain your
answer.
George Washington farewell address
“…peace, commerce, and
honest friendship with
all nations, entangling
alliances with none”
Party Ideologies
Issues in Election of 1796
 New nation
 War abroad threatens US
 Political parties growing
farther apart
John Adams:
Second President of the
United States
Events of John Adams Presidency
1. XYZ Affair:
French agents try
to extort $250,000
bribe from US
diplomats for a
meeting with
Talleyrand.
“Millions for defense not
one cent for tribute”
Result: unofficial
naval war with
France.
2. Alien and Sedition Acts 1798
 Cause: Increased animosity and opposition to
Federalists and the actions of the United States.
Alien Acts:
1. The president has the power to arrest
and deport citizens of other countries
considered “undesirable”.
2. residency requirement for US citizenship
in raised from 5 to 14 years.
Sedition Act:
Set fines and jail terms for anyone expressing opinions
considered damaging to the United States government
Response of Republicans…defiance
3. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
1. Claimed the right to declare
NULL AND VOID the Alien and
Sedition Acts because they were
unconstitutional (NULLIFICATION).
2. Claimed the right to nullify
federal laws that go beyond the
powers granted by the
Constitution.
The Death of George Washington, February 22, 1732-December 14 1799
The news of his death spread throughout the country, plunging the nation
into a deep mourning. Many towns and cities held mock funerals and
presented hundreds of eulogies to honor their fallen hero. When the news
of this death reached Europe, the British fleet paid tribute to his memory,
and Napoleon ordered ten days of mourning.
Politics
increasingly
ugly!
Thomas
Jefferson:
Third
President
of the
United
States
Jefferson’s Presidency
1. Reduces government:
EXAMPLES: cut bureaucracy, reduced army, cut
taxes, no speeches!
GOAL: limit the national
government’s presence in
peoples lives.
2. Marbury v. Madison
 Establishes judicial review.
 Enables the courts to decide
whether a law passed by
Congress is Constitutional and it
allows federal courts to review
state laws and state court
decisions.
3. Louisiana Purchase
a.
Adds to the United States debt
b. Increase the size of the United States (one of the largest
countries in the world)
3. Louisiana Purchase
Alexander Hamilton killed by Aaron Burr,
former Vice President of the United
Sates.
4. Embargo Act of 1807
Outlawed all trade with foreign
countries
Embargo: restriction on trade
Cause:
British and French attacking American ships, taking
goods and soldiers.
Impressment: act of forcing people into military
service
Results of Embargo Act of 1807
1. Hurts American trade and American citizens more
than it hurts British and French.
 WHY?
2. Americans begin to smuggle goods to Great
Britain, defying United States government.
(U.S. government needs to enforce the laws)
3. Stain upon Jefferson’s administration
James Madison: fourth President of the
United States of America
Immediately faces problems in the
West, in relation to the Native
American tribes.
Election of 1808
Republican
Events of James Madison’s Presidency
1. Trouble with Native American Tribes
a. Native American trying to
stop U.S. expansion.
b. Miami, Delaware, Shawnee, …
came together under the
Western Confederacy to fight
American expansion
c. Insurrections by Native American tribes aided by
Great Britain.
d. Great Britain eventually stops aiding Native
Americans. Now the Native Americans face a new
US Army, the Legion of the United States.
Native Americans have three options
 1. Peace Settlement, accept white
culture (Little Turtle)
 2. limited acceptance, blend white
and Native American cultures.
 3. Return to Indian traditions through
military action
? Which path should the Native
Americans take? Be prepared to
explain your answer.
Battle of Fallen Timbers
 Little Turtle ceded command
of the Western Confederacy
to Blue Jacket and the tribes
continue to attack settlers
and military forts.
 Result: Battle of Fallen
Timbers
Treaty of Greenville: ends
hostility in Northwest.
1. tribes give up 2/3 of Ohio
2. the Ohio River is no longer
a settlement boundary
Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa
IDEOLOGY
1. Opposed white interference in Indian life and
culture.
2. Tribes needed to overcome differences and
unite against white man.
Battle of Tippecanoe: no clear victor, however,
1. Native Americans lost morale
2. Lost support and confidence from tribes (NO
UNITY)
Handsome Lake
Ideology ?
War Hawks
New members of Congress from the South and
the West that support going to war against
Britain
Henry Clay:
Zachary Taylor
John C. Calhoun
War Of 1812
“Madison’s War”
Factors leading to war with Great Britain



1. Continued support and encouragement of
native American attacks on farmers/ settlers /
military.
2. Interference with US shipping
3. Impressment: act of forcing people into
military service
British Advantages
 Powerful navy
 Large standing army
 Support of native tribes
Disadvantages
 Tired of war, fatigued
 Fighting on two fronts (America and France)
American Disadvantages
Was it a good idea to declare war?
 1. Limited navy
 2. no alliances
 3. still involved in battles with
Native Americans in the North
and South
American success limited
 LAND --- Success against Creek Indians;
forced to give up Alabama and Southern
Georgia.
 SEA---more success at sea USS Constitution:
“Old Ironsides”
USS Chesapeake: “don’t give up the ship”
British fresh off of war with
France send forces to America
 Burning of Washington D.C.
 Goal to inflict psychological
damage to US, decrease
morale.
 Went on to Ft McHenry in
Baltimore, British “defeated”,
psychological win for
Americans.
 “Star Spangled Banner”,
Francis Scott Key
Burning of Washington
 Psychological damage to US…decreased morale
 Capitol, Presidential Mansion all burned to the
ground, along with large portion of the city.
 British move on to Baltimore and Fort McHenry.
US troops able to withstand assault and hold off
British troops……INCREASED NATIONAL PRIDE!
Francis Scott Key wrote “Star Spangled Banner”
after watching assault on Fort McHenry.
WHY CONTINUE FIGHTING?
INITIAL REASONS FOR WAR HAVE
DISIPATED.
 1. War with France over. It is no longer
necessary to stop American merchant ships .
 2. Although GB refused to stop the practice of
impressment, it was no longer a serious
concern to the US.
 3. Britain’s aid to the Native tribes in the
northeast has gradually ebbed.
Treaty of Ghent
 1. Old boundaries restored
 2. Established US as a completely
independent country
Battle of New Orleans
RESULTS
 United States held back British and absorbed intense
naval bombardment throughout night…psychological
victory for US.
 Restored patriotism
 Unified country
 Andrew Jackson became a national hero.
Hartford Convention
 New England states met to discuss
separating from the United States.
 Result: proposed amendments that
would increase the power of New
England in Congress.
Aftermath of War of 1812:
1. treasury depleted
2. capitol in ruins
 1. created second national
bank. Credit revived US
economy leading to an
economic boom.
 2. nation is unified.
3. Trade at a stand still
due to British blockade
Federalists almost at an end
 3. US realizes that the US
4. Native American’s
bid for self rule
gradually diminishing
must manufacture goods.
 4. settlers move west in large
numbers
“Era of Good Feelings”
Short span of time after War
of 1812.
 Bolstered by the economy and the banks
ability to loan large sums of money settlers
move west in record numbers.
 Life is good, America is at peace, political
infighting has stopped
PANIC OF 1819:
 Banks in London demand payment on loans
from banks in the United States…
 ….who in return demand money back from US
citizens…
 …..who may or may not have money or
collateral.
 Those who borrowed too much are RUINED.
Missouri Compromise
 GOAL : to add Missouri as a slave state.
 PROBLEM: US equally divided 11v11. If Missouri
was added as a slave state the balance would be
disturbed.
 Under Northwest Ordinance, created under the
Articles of Confederation, states Northwest of
Ohio River could not be admitted as slaves states.
The Compromise
 Missouri added as a slave state
 Maine added as a free state
 BALANCE IS MAINTAINED
Boundaries
of Missouri
Compromise
North of
southern border
of Missouri
could not be
added as slave
state
America becoming
increasingly divided over the
issue of slavery and states’
rights.
Benefits:
How would this help the United
States as a new growing nation?
Makes creditors
(people/countries that
loaned US money) care
about what happens to
the United States as a
nation.