Transcript Establishing the Government

Chapter 8
Completing the Revolution,
1789-1815
Establishing the
Government
 George Washington, 1789
 Inaugurated as first President
 New York City
Washington’s inauguration at Federal Hall, New York City
The “Republican Court”
 George Washington: Mr. President
 Vice-President John Adams
 Importance of Presidential pomp and
circumstance
 Thomas Jefferson: lone democrat in
the administration
The First Congress
 James Madison, author of the
Constitution
 Bill of Rights
 Judiciary Act of 1789
Hamiltonian Economics:
The National Debt
 Alexander Hamilton
 Secretary of Treasury
 Report on Public Credit (1790)
 Foreign debt paid promptly and fully
 Domestic debt—government issue securities to
debtholders that pay 4% interest
Alexander Hamilton, Secretary
of the Treasury, 1789-1795
Hamiltonian Economics:
The Bank and the
Excise Tax
 Bank of the United States
 Handle government revenue and
disbursements
 Privately owned and controlled
 Carbon copy of Bank of England
 Taxes
 Excise taxes: alcohol, tea, coffee, etal.
 Whiskey tax to set precedent of federal
government imposing and collecting
internal tax
The Rise of Opposition
 Madison led congressional opposition to
Hamilton’s proposals
 Jefferson joins Madison’s opposition
 Compromise reached:
 In exchange for accepting Hamilton’s
proposals on the debt, the permanent capital
of the United States would be located on the
Potomac River
Jefferson versus Hamilton
 Jefferson and strict constructionism
 Hamilton and loose constructionism
 Federalists
Pierre
Charles
L’Enfant’s
plan for
Washingto
n, D.C.
The “City of Magnificent Distances” as it appeared in the early 19th
century
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Republic in a World at
War, 1793-1800
 French Revolution erupts
 France is at war with Austria and Prussia
 France declares war on Britain and kill its
king
 A war between French republicanism and
British-led reaction
 Ends in French defeat, 1815
Americans and the
French Revolution
 Americans sympathetic to French Revolution
 Jeffersonian Republicanism
 Grateful for French help in American revolution
 Washington declares American neutrality
 U.S. commerce and financial health depended
on good relations with Great Britain
 Jefferson and Madison lead French
sympathizers
Citizen Genêt

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

Citizen Edmond Charles Genêt
British Orders in Council
French ignored neutrality of the U.S.
British engaged in overt and covert acts
of war
Citizen
Edmond
Charles
Genêt
Western Troubles
 Shawnee attack frontier settlers
 “Mad” Anthony Wayne and the Battle of
Fallen Timbers (1794)
 Whiskey Rebellion
 George Washington orders militia troops
against Whiskey Rebellion
Securing
the West,
17901796
The Jay Treaty
 Jay’s Treaty
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British agree to abandon forts on U.S. soil
U.S. grants Britain Most-Favored-Nation trading status
Nothing said of impressment or other British violations
New England and port cities for it
South opposed
 Pinckney Treaty
 Thomas Pinckney
 Favorable Florida border
 Americans can use Mississippi River and port of New
Orleans
Washington’s Farewell
 Set 2-term limit
 Secured U.S. control of West
 Farewell address warnings
 “entangling alliances”
 “factions”
 Democratic Republicans
The Election of 1796
 John Adams, Federalist candidate
 Thomas Jefferson, Democratic
Republican candidate
 John Adams won Presidency
 Thomas Jefferson won VicePresidency
John Adams, second President of the United States
Troubles with France,
1796-1800
 France breaks off relations because of
Jay’s Treaty
 XYZ Affair
 France vs. U.S. in the Caribbean
The Crisis at Home,
1798-1800
 Federal property tax
 Alien and Sedition Acts
 William Duane of the Philadelphia Aurora
 Matthew Lyon
 Virginia and Kentucky Resolves
The Politicians and the
Army
 Federalists implemented request that
Congress create standing army
 Adams becomes suspicious of Hamilton
and “High Federalists”
 Adams negotiates peace with France
The Election of 1800
 Many believe Federalist using war with France
to impose their rule and destroy opposition
 Alien and Sedition Acts
 Federalist military buildup
 Crushing of Fries Rebellion
 Democratic-Republicans--Thomas Jefferson
and Aaron Burr
 Federalists: John Adams and Charles C.
Pinckney
 Result: Jefferson and Burr tie
 Congress chooses Jefferson
Presidential
Election,
1800
Portrait of Thomas Jefferson
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Jeffersonians in
Power:
The Republican Program
 Plea for unity, “we are all Republicans,
we are all Federalists”
 Jefferson’s “wise and frugal
government”
 Simplified social tone of administration
Cleansing the Government
 Reduced size and expense of
government
 Substantial cuts in military
 Jefferson dismantled repressive
apparatus of Federalist state
 Reduced government expenditures and
debt
The Jeffersonians and
the Courts
 Jefferson distrusted Federalists
controlled Judiciary
 John Marshall
 Judiciary Act of 1801 and the “midnight
judges”
The Impeachments of
Pickering and Chase
 John Randolph
 John Pickering
 Samuel Chase
Justice Marshall’s court
 Marbury v. Madison (1801)
 William Marbury
 judicial review
 Burr’s trial for treason
 Burr kills Hamilton in a duel
 Burr’s conspiracy and trial
 Marshall acquits Burr
John Marshall,
Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court
Louisiana
 Purchase of Louisiana Territory from
France, 1803
 New Orleans
 Dilemma for Jefferson: he had no
constitutional power to buy the territory,
but offer could not be refused
 Jefferson easily reelected in 1804
Louisiana Purchase
The Republic and the
Napoleonic Wars, 18041815
 Napoleon Bonaparte declared war on
Great Britain, 1803
 11-year war dominated national politics of
the United States
 Americans wanted neutrality
The Dilemmas of
Neutrality
 Britain’s Essex Decision (1805)
 Congress retaliates with Non-importation
Act
 Napoleon’s Berlin and Milan Decrees
Trouble on the High Seas
 Impressment and naval seizures
 6000 Americans impressed by British
 Chesapeake Affair
Embargo
 Embargo Act (1807) – peaceable coercion
 Embargo hurt American commerce
 1807-1808, exports dropped from $108 million to
$22 million
 Unemployment in port cities
 James Madison, elected President, 1808
 Federalists gain ground in some states
Federalist cartoon denouncing the embargo
The Road to War
 Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
 Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)
The War Hawk Congress,
1811-1812
 Democratic Republicans divided
 War Hawks
 Henry Clay
 John C. Calhoun
 Madison sends list of grievances against
Britain
 Close vote, but war declared against
Britain
House Speaker Henry Clay was a leader of the War Hawks in 1812
War Hawks and the War of
1812
 War Hawks declared war to defend:
 Sovereignty
 Western territory
 Maritime rights of United States
 Invasion of Canada
The battle
between the
U.S.S.
Constitution
and the
H.M.S.
Guerriere in
August 1812
The War with Canada,
1812-1813
 Detroit
 William Hull
 Isaac Brock
 Queenston Heights
 Canada saved
Tecumseh’s Last Stand
 Red Stick Creeks
 Fort Mims Massacre
 Put-in-Bay (1813)
 Oliver Hazard Perry
 Battle of the Thames (1813)
 Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
War
of
1812
Oliver Hazard Perry at the Battle of Put-in-Bay, September 1813
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Tecumseh’s death at the Battle of the Thames, 1813
The British Offensive,
1814
 British burn Washington D.C.
 Francis Scott Key
 “Star Spangled Banner”
 British offensive in Great Lakes stalls
 Andrew Jackson
 Battle of New Orleans (1815)
 Gives U.S. national pride and a national hero
British troops burn the U.S. Capitol, 1814
A romanticized depiction of the Battle of New Orleans, January 1815
The Hartford Convention
 New Englanders felt victimized by
Democratic Republican trade policies
 New England congressmen had voted
against going to war
 British continue to trade with New England
 Talk of Federalist New England secession
 Federalists called Hartford Convention,
1814
 Hartford Convention demands drowned out
by end of war and New Orleans victory
The Treaty of Ghent
 British defeat Napoleon
 War reached a stalemate
 By 1814, both sides withdrew their
demands to end the war
 U.S.- Canadian border remained as it
was in 1812