Transcript Chapter 16 Notes

Chapter 16
The Civil War
Essential Question
I. Outbreak of War
• Confederate President Jefferson Davis decides
that Fort Sumter protects Charleston (an
important city) and must not stay in Northern
hands
• Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard asks for
the fort’s surrender – Major Robert Anderson
refuses and the Confederates open fire on
April 12, 1861
Lincoln’s War Plan (Anaconda Plan)
1. Hold on to the border states that still had slavery
(Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware)
2. Suspend the right of Habeas Corpus: protects people from
being held in prison unlawfully
3. Placed Missouri under Martial Law: rule by the Army to
keep it in the Union
Resources for War
• North (Federal/Union)
– Twice the farmland
– 85% of nation’s factories
– 92% of manufactured
goods
– 71% of nation’s railroads
– A navy
– Twice the population
• South (Confederate/Rebel)
– Nation’s best military
leaders
– Fighting a defensive war
on their soil
– Cotton diplomacy:
Training the Soldiers
• North = blue
• South = brownish gray
• Springfield and Enfield
rifles
• Two-person tents
Life for Soldiers
• Old style fighting produced
massive casualties
• No medicines to stop
infection or disease
• Many soldiers had arms and
legs amputated without
painkillers
II. War in the East
• Virginia
– First Battle of Bull Run
- Union General = Irvin McDowell
- Confederate Generals = Pierre Beauregard and
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
– Manassas, Virginia – July 21, 1861
– Congressmen and senators came to watch the battle
and have a picnic, very sure about a Union victory
– Confederates defeat the Union – soldiers run into
congressmen and senators during retreat
– KEY:
Virginia – Peninsular Campaign
– Union General George
McClellan
– Confederate General
Robert E. Lee
– May – June, 1862
– McClellan attempts to
capture Richmond by
invading southern
Virginia
Virginia – Second Battle of Bull Run
• Union General John
Pope
• Confederate General
Robert E. Lee
• August 29, 1862
• Manassas, Virginia
Battle of Antietam
– Union General George McClellan vs. Confederate
General Robert E. Lee
– Antietam Creek, Maryland – September 17, 1862
Battle of Antietam
– Bloodiest single day of
the war – 24,000
casualties – a draw
– More casualties than the
Revolution, War of 1812,
and Mexican War
combined
– KEY:
Clash of the Ironclads
• Ironclads:
– Confederates create the
C.S.S. Virginia from the
hull of an old ship called
the Merrimac
– New ship would destroy
the Union blockade
Clash of the Ironclads
• Union creates their own
iron ship – the U.S.S.
Monitor
– Norfolk Harbor – March
9, 1862
– Both ships battle to a
draw
– KEY:
III. War in the West
• The Battles of Fort Henry
and Fort Donelson
– Union General Ulysses S.
Grant captures
Confederate forts Henry
and Donelson on the
Cumberland River in
Tennessee
Battle of Shiloh
• Shiloh, Tennessee – April
6-7, 1862
• KEY:
• Shiloh was the bloodiest
battle in the West
• Earns Grant the
reputation of being a
“butcher”
The Fall of New Orleans
• Largest city in the
Confederacy and
gateway to Mississippi
River
• Admiral David Farragut
• Captured the city on
April 29, 1862
Siege of Vicksburg
• Union General Ulysses S.
Grant led a siege (surround)
at Vicksburg, a Mississippi
River outpost – starved the
citizens of the city
• Vicksburg surrendered on
July 4, 1863
• KEY:
IV. Daily Life During the War
• Emancipation Proclamation:
– Lincoln needed the proclamation to
•
•
•
•
KEY:
Deprive the South of their labor force
Keep foreign nations out of the war
End slavery issue once and for all
Issued after the Battle of Antietam to avoid appearing
desperate
African Americans in the War
• African Americans could join after
the Proclamation – 186,000
enlisted – contrabands: escaped
slaves who could join the Union
Army
• Black soldiers were discriminated
against by white soldiers,
including less pay
Opposition to the War
• President Jefferson Davis lacked the cooperation of
other Confederate states for much needed soldiers
and supplies
• Riots over the Draft, a system that requires men to
serve in the military, occurred in both the North and
South – could avoid the draft IF you had $300 or
hired a substitute
• Copperheads:
Life as a Civilian
• Once the war started,
women in both North and
South took over family
farms and businesses
• Others became nurses to
help the wounded, both
in hospitals and on
battlefields
• Clara Barton:
V. The Tide of War Turns
Battle of Fredericksburg
December, 1862 – Lee defeats
Union General Ambrose
Burnside at Fredericksburg,
Virginia
Battle of Chancellorsville
“Stonewall” Jackson is Killed
• Confederate General
Thomas “Stonewall”
Jackson was shot by his
own men
• He was the best soldier
in the Confederate army
• KEY:
Battle of Gettysburg
• Day 1 – July 1, 1863
– Confederate raiding
party runs into Union
cavalry – fighting starts
– Union soldiers under
General George Meade
entrench themselves on
Cemetery Ridge and
Culp’s Hill
Battle of Gettysburg
• Day 2 – July 2, 1863
– Lee orders attack on
Union left side by Little
Round Top
– Confederates stopped at
Little Round Top by
Union Colonel Joshua
Chamberlain
Battle of Gettysburg
• Day 3 – July 3, 1863
– Lee decides to attack the
center of Union lines at
Cemetery Ridge
– Sends General George
Pickett to attack –
“Pickett’s Charge”
Aftermath of Gettysburg
• Lee’s troops never again
launch an attack in the
North
• Ends chances of foreign aid
for the South
• November 19, 1863, Lincoln
issues The Gettysburg
Address:
Wilderness Campaign in the East
• Grant named commander of all Union forces
in 1864, brought East to take on Lee
• Wilderness Campaign:
• Grant suffers heavy losses, but continues to
push through Virginia knowing Lee could not
replace his losses
Sherman Strikes the South
• Union General Sherman
captures Atlanta on Sept. 2,
1864 – Sherman marches to
Savannah, leaving a path of
destruction – then moves
north to Virginia
• Total War:
• Sherman’s destruction of
the South created a lot of
resentment
Total War - Richmond
The South Surrenders
• Union troops capture Richmond
on April 3, 1865
• Lee decides that further fighting
would be useless – on April 9,
1865, Lee surrenders to Grant at
Appomattox Court House,
Virginia
• Grant allows Lee’s soldiers to
keep their horses, and gives
Confederates some food
• Cost of the War:
Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan
• Lincoln wanted to forgive rather than punish
the South
• A former Confederate state could enter the
Union again if:
Lincoln’s Assassination
• On April 14, 1865,
Lincoln was
assassinated
– Place: Ford’s Theater,
Washington, D.C.
– Assassin: John Wilkes
Booth
– Result: