Transcript Crucible of Freedom: Civil War

Crucible of Freedom: Civil War
Chapter 15
1861-1865
Introduction
• How did the Union and Confederate
Governments adapt in order to fight the
war and which administration adapted
more successfully?
• How and why did the North finally commit
itself to the ending of slavery?
• Why did the North win the war?
• In what lasting and meaningful ways did
the Civil War transform the nation?
Mobilizing For War
• Recruitment and Conscription
– The Confederacy in April 1862 became the first to
pass a conscription law
– The draft exempted those of certain occupations or
those that owned more than 20 slaves
– Non-slave holders called this a “rich man’s war and a
poor man’s fight”
– South was able to supply most of the weapons that it
needed, but, not clothes and food
– Impressment Act 1863- Southern governments could
take supplies it needed for a price and slaves to work
for the armies
– North passed Enrollment Act in 1863 that made all
white males aged 20-45 eligible for the draft
– Northern law also provided for exemptions and a
$300 substitute fee
Financing the War
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War Bonds were sold by both sides
Both sides printed paper money
North imposed taxes to help pay for the war
South was reluctant to pass taxes
Southern currency depreciated in value very
quickly and led to inflation
• North passed the National Bank Act and allowed
Federal Banks to print bank notes under the
supervision of the government
Political Leadership in Wartime
• Lincoln faced opposition from the Northern Democrats
who did not like the National Bank, the draft or the
emancipation of slaves
• Lincoln also faced criticism from Radical Republicans
like Salmon Chase, Charles Sumner and Thaddeus
Stevens who want Lincoln to end slavery and after 1863
criticized Lincoln for lenient Reconstruction plans
• Jefferson Davis faced opposition within his own Party,
especially from Alexander Stevens, his Vice President,
• Southerners resented the draft, the Impressment Act and
anything that seemed to infringe upon state’s rights.
Securing the Union’s Borders
• Lincoln ordered the military into the border
states and ordered a suspension of
habeas corpus there.
• Supreme Court ruled Lincoln’s action
unconstitutional in Ex parte Merriman
• Lincoln ignored the court and Delaware,
Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri stayed in
the Union
Armies, Weapons and Strategies
• Northern advantages included:
– Larger Population
– Industry
– Railroad Track
– Anaconda Plan
• Southern advantages included
– Military Leadership
– Defensive Tactics
– Cotton
Stalemate in the East 1861-1862
• First Battle of Bull Run
– Stonewall Jackson
• Battle of the Peninsula
– Robert E. lee
• Second Battle of Bull Run
– Lee and Jackson
• Antietam
– George McClellan
– Robert E. Lee
• Emancipation Proclamation
• Battle of Fredericksburg
– Burnsides vs. Lee and Jackson
Jackson’s Valley Campaign
Second Bull Run
First Bull Run
Peninsular Campaign
Battle of Fredericksburg
Antietam
The War in the West 1861-1862
• Ulysses S. Grant secured control of
Missouri and Kentucky and then moved to
Tennessee
• Grant wins at Shiloh
• David Farragut takes New Orleans
• South loses Memphis
• By 1863 North controls the Mississippi
The Soldier’s War
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Volunteer, came from a small farm, served in the infantry
Enlisted with visions of military glory
Romanticized view quickly evaporated
Confederates had few blankets, shoes or clothes
Poor sanitation meant more died from dysentery than
gun fire
Lice, flies, ticks and rats
Casualty rates were enormous
Southerners were fighting for southern rights
Northerners were fighting for the Union
Ironclads and Cruisers: The Naval
War
• North tightens the blockade and takes
several southern port cities
• Confederates try to break out with
blockade runners
• Merrimac vs. Monitor
• CSS Hunley
The Diplomatic War
• Confederacy tried “Cotton Diplomacy” to
convince Britain and France that the war
was in their best interest
• Trent Affair raised tensions between US
and Great Britain
• Britain found alternative sources of cotton
and the Emancipation Proclamation ended
British ideas of joining the fight on the side
of the Confederacy.
From Confiscation to Emancipation
• Lincoln announced in his inauguration that he had no
intentions of interfering with slavery in the South- Why?
• Wherever the Union Army went, slaves flocked to themCongress passed the First Confiscation Act which said
that the Union Army would not return escaped slaves
• Lincoln did not want to push the border states into the
rebellion on the side of the Confederacy
• Because of many Northern Defeats, especially in the
East, Congress passed another Confiscation Act in July
1862 which allowed freed slaves to join the Army
Emancipation cont.
• Lincoln offered the border states compensation
for their slaves if they would free them. They
refused and Lincoln issued the Emancipation
proclamation after the Battle of Antietam
• January 1 1863 all slaves in area of rebellion
were free.
• The Emancipation Proclamation encouraged
– Radical Republicans in the North
– Britain to take away support for the South
– Slaves to run away
Crossing Union Lines
• By 1865 half of former slaves were in Union held
territory
• Some worked for the Army
• Some worked for loyal planters
• Some worked abandoned lands
• Freedmen aid societies in the North sent agents
to the South to distribute supplies and open
schools.
• Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau in
March of 1865
Black Soldiers in the Union Army
• By 1865 186,000 blacks served in the
Union Army
• Suffered discrimination and prejudice
• Placed in segregated units with white
officers
• Received less pay and suffered higher
casualty rates
Slavery in Wartime
• Southerners tried to maintain control of the
slaves by telling them horror stories about
the Yankees, stepping up patrols and
moving slaves further behind the lines
The Turning Point in 1863
• Gettysburg
• Vicksburg
• Chattanooga
The War’s Economic Impact: The
North
• War related industries boomed
• Railroads
• Republican Congress
– Raised Tariffs
– Chartered land grants to the Union Pacific and
Central Pacific Railroads
– Homestead and Morrill Land Grant Acts
• Women replace men in the factories and were
paid less
• Workers protested by forming Unions
The War’s Economic
Impact: The South
• The War destroyed the
Confederate Economy
– Wrecked Railroads
– Cut Cotton and Food
production
– Shortages caused such
hardships that soldiers
deserted to go home and
feed their families
Dealing With Dissent
• South non-slaveholders with Unionists sentiments and state’s rights
politicians denounced Jefferson Davis’s government
• South did little to stop political opposition
• Copperheads in the North (Peace Democrats) criticized the
Emancipation Proclamation and demanded an immediate peace
settlement.
• Peace Democrats had their greatest following the border states and
in the Midwest
• July 1863 Draft Riots occurred in New York City that had to be
stopped by Federal Troops
• Lincoln suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus and imposed Martial
Law in areas where opposition arose
• Supreme Course ruled that civilians could not be tried in military
courts when civilian courts still operated
The Medical War
• Northern Citizens formed the US Sanitation Commission
– Raised money for medical supplies, extra food and medicine
• 3200 women volunteered as nurses to the North and to
the South
– Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton (Red Cross)
• Limited Medical Knowledge about germs and sanitation
meant that deaths due to infection and disease
outnumbered death by combat
• Prisoner of War Camps were worse, especially in the
South
– Andersonville Ga.
– Salisbury NC
The War and
Women’s Rights
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B
Anthony organized the National Women’s
Loyal League in 1863 to campaign for the
rights of white and black women to vote
and an amendment to end slavery
The Eastern Theater 1864-1865
• 1864 Lincoln put Grant in charge of all Union Armies
• Grant moved his headquarters to the East and
immediately began to attack Lee in Virginia
• Grant ordered Sherman to march into Georgia and
continue to the sea
• Despite heavy casualties at the Battles of the
Wilderness, Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor Grant
pressed forward and forced Lee to retreat to the
trenches outside of Petersburg and Richmond
• Philip Sheridan was dispatched into the Shenandoah
Valley which devastated and conquered that part of
Virginia
• Atlanta fell to Sherman in September of 1864
The Election of 1864
• Radical Republicans prefer salmon Chase
• Peace Democrats nominate George McClellan
• Lincoln and Moderate Republicans rename their
Party the National Union party and nominate
Lincoln for President and Andrew Johnson from
Tennessee for Vice President
• Sherman captures Atlanta right before the
election
• Congress passes the 13th Amendment which is
ratified by the end of 1865
Sherman’s March Through Georgia
• Sherman burns most of Atlanta and marches across
Georgia to Savannah
• Takes Savannah in December 1864 and begins march
through South Carolina
• Purpose of march is to “break the back of the
Confederacy”
• Troops live off of the land and destroy anything of
possible military value including crops and food.
• Destruction of South Carolina is even worse than
Georgia culminating with the burning of Columbia
• Sherman turns toward North Carolina
Toward Appomattox
• While Sherman is turning North, Grant continues to push
Lee’s Army
• By the Spring of 1865 the advances of Grant and
Sherman were taking their toll on the Southern Army,,
men were deserting in droves
• April 3rd 1865 Grant enters Richmond Virginia
• Lee attempts to escape Virginia and join with remaining
Confederate forces in North Carolina
• Lee’s Army is cut off at Appomattox Courthouse and Lee
surrenders April 9th 1865
• April 14th John Wilkes Booth assassinates President
Lincoln
• April 26th Confederate General Joseph Johnston
surrenders to William T. Sherman at Bennett Farm in
Durham North Carolina
Appomattox Courthouse
Durham NC/ Bennett Farm
The Impact of The War
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620,000 Americans killed
Ruined Southern Economy
Stimulated Northern Economy
Strengthened the Federal Government
Freed 3.5 million slaves but left their future
undecided