Transcript Factors leading to WWI

WORLD WAR I
I. Causes
II. Warfare
III.Propaganda
IV.Consequences
OA 1
1. What do you know about WWI?
2. WWI was called the “Great
War” and the “War to end all
wars.” Why do you think it was
called those things?
I. CAUSES OF WWI
What were the causes of WWI?
What triggered the war?
Causes/Factors leading to WWI:
■
■
■
■
Militarism – Glorifying power and keeping an army
prepared for war was the goal of several European
nations.
Alliances – a union or association formed for mutual
benefit, especially between countries or organizations
◆ Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
◆ Triple Entente: England, France, Russia
Imperialism – Political and Economic control over
foreign territory.
Nationalism – Feeling of strong pride for one’s
country.
Total Defense Expenditures (spending) for the Great
Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]
in millions of £s.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914
94
130
154
268
289
398
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
The Allied powers (blue) surround
The Central powers (red),
illustrating the two front
war that would
have to be
fought.
The Balkans
The Balkans who held Slavic territories that including Serbia,
Bulgaria, Macedonia and Bosnia. These territories were under
the control of Austria Hungary and the Ottoman Empire (nonslavic empires)
They wanted independence from these empires
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Of Austria (Heir to the throne)
The Assassination at
Sarajevo, Bosnia
The Archduke Franz
Ferdinand and his wife,
boarding the car in which
they would be assassinated.
The bodies of the Archduke and his wife lay in
state.
The Assassin: Gavrilo
Princip
Serbian
terrorist
The Trigger of War:
Spring July 28th 1914
■
■
■
■
■
■
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
assassinated by a Serbian national.
Austria Hungary declares war on Serbia
The young country of Serbia had been promised
protection by Russia!
Germany declares war on Russia to protect its ally
Austria-Hungary
France joins the war due to their alliance with
Russia (to fight Germans)
Germany declares war on France
OA 2
1. What were the causes of WWI?
2. What triggered the war?
European Nations take sides:
Summer 1914
■
■
The Central Powers – Germany, AustriaHungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire (Italy
decided not to fight with it’s allies)
The Allied Powers – Great Britain, France,
Russia, (United States, Japan, Italy, Belgium, and
Serbia would join later)
The Allied powers (blue) surround
The Central powers (red),
illustrating the two front
war that would
have to be
fought.
The Schlieffen Plan
Germany’s plan to invade France
through Belgium
German Atrocities in Belgium
Fighting a World War
■ The
Central Powers tried to move
quickly, but were pushed back by
the Allies outside of Paris.
◆The Schliefflen Plan (fails)
◆Great Britain joins the war to stop
Germany
■ The Central Powers found
themselves fighting a “two-front”
war, a Western Front and an
Eastern Front
II. Warfare
1. How did new technology affect
the warfare?
2. What was trench warfare and
No Man’s land?
3. Why was WWI called the war
of attrition?
New Techniques of Warfare
New weapons such as the machine
gun, poison gas, and the tank made
this war look like no other.
■ Trenches were dug to protect soldiers
from these terrible new weapons.
■ A No man’s land was created between
trenches of enemy countries. Little
land was won or lost during this
trench warfare.
■
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
Barbed Wire
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
Heavy artillery
U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
A Multi-Front War
The Western Front
Western Front
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”
area of land between two
enemy trench systems
Stalemate
Deadlock in which
neither side is able to
defeat the other.
Battle lines remained
unchanged
Verdun – February, 1916
•
•
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000
casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916
Sacrifices in War
French Renault Tank
British Tank at Ypres
Total War – Using all of a country’s human,
economic, and political resources to win.
Human Example: Conscription – “The Draft”
Economic Example: Rationing – using less
food and materials at home
Blockades: British Navy and German UBoats prevent supplies from reaching the
enemy. Thousands of civilians die due to
starvation.
OA 4
1. What new weapons and
technologies were used in
WWI?
2. How did these new technology
affect the warfare?
3. What was trench warfare and
No Man’s land?
III. Propaganda
Propaganda – spreading ideas to
support a cause or damage an
opposing cause
Examples – Censored or
exaggerated stories, pro-war
posters
IV. End of the War /
Consequences
• What ended the War?
• What was the Treaty of
Versailles? What did the treaty
do to Germany?
• What were the consequences
of the War?
War fatigue
1. Britain – bankrupt
2. Germany – enlisting 15
yr. olds
3. France – soldiers refuse
to fight anymore
4. Russia – drops out in
1917
The United States gets closer to
entering the war
■ America’s
neutrality
Assisting the allied war effort
◆ Supplied them with weapons
◆ Created propaganda against the central
powers
◆
1. The Sinking
of the Lusitania
Zimmerman Telegram
“We intend to begin on the first of
February unrestricted submarine warfare.
We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep
the United States of America neutral. In
the event of this not succeeding, we
make Mexico a proposal or alliance on
the following basis: make war together,
make peace together, generous financial
support and an understanding on our part
that Mexico is to reconquer the lost
territory”
2. The Zimmerman Telegram
■
■
■
The Zimmerman telegram was intercepted
by Great Britain on it’s way from Germany
to Mexico.
Germany asked Mexico to help fight the
Americans. In return they promised to
award them with Texas, New Mexico, and
Arizona
Americans were outraged. The U.S.
declared war on Germany and it’s allies on
April 2nd, 1917.
A Short Road Lies Ahead
■
■
■
■
U.S. joins the Allies - 1917
Russia pulls out
◆ Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Kaiser steps down
The Armistice to end World War I was
signed on November 11th, 1918.
◆ Railway car outside of Paris
◆ The Big Four meet
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
The Big Four
Woodrow Wilson of United States,
Georges Clemenceau of France,
David Lloyd George of Great Britain,
and Vittorio Orlando of Italy
Wilson’s pitch to Congress
President Wilson had a plan for post-war
Europe called the Fourteen Points. Five
main ideas were central to the plan working.
■ Ignored by British and the French
1. No secret treaties or allies
2. Freedom of the Seas
3. Free Trade
4. Disarmament
5. Self-determination
6. League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles
1. Punish Germany!
War Guilt Clause – Blamed the War on
Germany
◆ War Reparations – Payment for damages of
war
◆ Territory Clause -- Colonies given to
France, Britain German land to Poland,
France, Czech.
◆ Demilitarization – Limited military
◆
The Treaty of Versailles
2. League of Nations
◆ International Organization
◆ Fight against aggressive nations
◆ Collective Security
3. New independent countries are
established
◆ Poland, Czechoslovakia
OA
■"The
Allied and Associated
Governments affirm and Germany
accepts the responsibility of Germany
and her allies for causing all the loss
and damage to which the Allied and
Associated Governments and their
nationals have been subjected as a
consequence of the war imposed upon
them by the aggression of Germany and
her allies.“
1. Explain the text?
2. Where do you think this text is from?
OA
■“All day and through the watches of the
OA night, they are digging, digging, digging.
And with this purpose: that as they
cannot get at each other without the
deadly devastation of the frontal attack
— our soldiers CAN shoot! — the two
sides — and especially the Germans —
are trying to get at each other
underground.- It is, as it were, a war
between moles, not between men.”
3. What is the writer describing? Explain
your answer
The Legacy of the War
■
■
■
■
Millions of casualties
The war cost $338 billion.
Germany was humiliated
Japan & Italy felt cheated (entered war to
get European colonies in Asia & Africa)….
would we ever hear from them again?
1. Millions of Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
Mobilized
Dead
Wounded
Missing/PoW
Russia
12,000,000
1,700,000
4,950,000
2,500,000
Germany
11,000,000
1,773,700
4,216,058
1,152,800
Great Britain
8,904,467
908,371
2,090,212
191,652
France
8,410,000
1,375,800
4,266,000
537,000
Austria-Hungary
7,800,000
1,200,000
3,620,000
2,200,000
Italy
5,615,000
650,000
947,000
600,000
US
4,355,000
126,000
234,300
4,526
Turkey
2,850,000
325,000
400,000
250,000
Bulgaria
1,200,000
87,500
152,390
27,029
Japan
800,000
300
907
3
Rumania
750,000
335,706
120,000
80,000
Serbia
707,343
45,000
133,148
152,958
Belgium
267,000
13,716
44,686
34,659
Greece
230,000
5,000
21,000
1,000
Portugal
100,000
7,222
13,751
12,318
50,000
3,000
10,000
7,000
Montenegro
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Fear of revolt from the
Armenians
Genocide -- systematic
destruction of all or part of
a racial, ethnic, religious or
national group
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western
Armenia in Turkey
1914
1922
Erzerum
215,000
1,500
Van
197,000
500
Kharbert
204,000
35,000
Diarbekir
124,000
3,000
Bitlis
220,000
56,000
Sivas
225,000
16,800
Western Anatolia
371,800
27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria
309,000
70,000
European Turkey
194,000
163,000
73,390
15,000
2,133,190
387,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites
in Turkey
Trapizond District
Total
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points –
goals for peace
■No secret
treaties
■Freedom of
the Seas
■Free Trade
■Disarmament
■Selfdetermination
■League of
Nations
Treaty of Versailles
2. Treaty of Versailles
Germany was blamed for the war
◆ War Guilt Clause
♦ Kaiser was forced to abdicate
◆ War Reparations
◆ Germany lost all of its colonies and
territories
♦ France was given land back from
Germany – Alsace Lorraine/Rhineland
(buffer zone)
◆ Limited Military
3. League of Nations
■International
Organization
◆Fight against
aggressive nations
◆Collective Security
◆U.S. does not join
♦US Congress
votes against
joining
4. Fall of the Empires and creation
of new ones
■Germany
■Austria Hungary
■Ottoman Empire
■Russian Empire
OA 5
1. What helped the Allies win the
War?
2. What did Germany have to do
because of the Treaty of
Versailles? Do you think it was
fair?
3. What were some consequences
of the War?
Map Activity
Pg 373 Europe 1920
■Label and color each of the
countries
■Compare this map with the
previous
■What differences do you
see?