Transcript Notes on WWI

1914-1918:
The World
at War
By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley H. S.
Chappaqua, NY
Differing Viewpoints
 “Family Feud”
 “Fall of the Eagles”
 “The War to End All Wars”
 “The War to ‘Make the
World Safe for Democracy’”
Causes
of the
War
1. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
The Major Players: 1914-17
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Nicholas II
[Rus]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
George V [Br]
Victor Emmanuel
III [It]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Enver Pasha
[Ottoman
Empire]
Franz Josef [A-H]
Europe in 1914
2. Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great
Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]
in millions of £s.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914
94
130
154
268
289
398
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
4. Aggressive Nationalism
Nationalism
Exalting one nation over another and
placing primary emphasis on
promotion of its culture and
interests.
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
Russia wants to
unite all Slavs
under one
banner.
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe
The
“Spark”
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His
Family-heir to the AustroHungarian throne
Sophie
June 28, 1914
• Sarajevo, Bosnia
• Visiting City Hall
• Serbian nationalist
angry with A-H
control over Balkan
region
• Organized by the
“Black Hand”
• Serbia provides the
guns & training
• 7 conspirators
• 2 shots kill Sophie
and the Archduke
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassin:
Gavrilo
Princip
Who’s To Blame?
The Powder Key Ignites?
 Austria-Hungary gives Serbia an
ultimatum
 Serbia mobilizes
 Russia mobilizes
 Germany activates the Schlieffen
Plan
The Schlieffen Plan
German Atrocities in Belgium
Mobilization
 Home by Christmas!
 No major war
in 50 years!
 Nationalism!
It's a long way to Tipperary,
It's a long way to go;
It's a long way to Tipperary,
To the sweetest girl I know!
Goodbye, Piccadilly,
Farewell, Leicester Square,
It's a long, long way to Tipperary,
But my heart's right there!
Total War
 War Raw
Materials BoardGermany
 Auxiliary Service
Law-age 17-60
 Conscription
 Militarizationglorification of
armed strength
 Socialist reality
Recruitment Posters
A German Boy Pretends to Be a
Soldier
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
Women
and the
War
Effort
Financing the War
For Recruitment
Munitions Workers
French Women Factory Workers
Most of the men were at war.
German Women Factory Workers
Women made munitions
Working in the Fields
A Woman Ambulance Driver
Red Cross Nurses
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Used mostly
at home, or
with supply
units.
Russian Women Soldiers
Spies
e “Mata Hari”
e Real Name:
Margareetha
Geertruide
Zelle
e German Spy!
Posters:
Wartime
Propaganda
Australian Poster
American Poster
Financing the War
German Poster
Think of Your Children!
The Western
Front:
A “War of
Attrition”
A Multi-Front War
The Western Front
Trench Warfare
Hazards of Trench Warfare
Heel Bone
 Trench Foot
 Rats
 Body Lice=
Trench Fever
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s
Land”:
area of land
between
enemy
trenches
Verdun – February, 1916
e German offensive.
e Objective: to kill as many French
as possible
e Each side had 500,000 casualties.
e French prevail
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
The Somme – July, 1916
e British attack—French to weak to help
e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
e British use tanks for first time
War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in War
The
Eastern
Front
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
Objective: to capture
Constantinople & open
a supply line to
Russia
Global War
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turks Refuse to Recognize
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western
Armenia in Turkey
1914
1922
Erzerum
215,000
1,500
Van
197,000
500
Kharbert
204,000
35,000
Diarbekir
124,000
3,000
Bitlis
220,000
56,000
Sivas
225,000
16,800
Western Anatolia
371,800
27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria
309,000
70,000
European Turkey
194,000
163,000
73,390
15,000
2,133,190
387,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites
in Turkey
Trapizond District
Total
T. E. Lawrence
& the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
His objective: To create a civil war by
organizing the Arab Bedouins against the
Ottoman Empire
T. E. Lawrence & Prince
Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19
The
“Colonial”
Fronts
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in Africa
Black Soldiers in the
German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]
British Sikh
Mountain Gunners
Fighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry from
Cochin, China - 1916
America
Joins
the
Allies
The Sinking
of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Yanks
Are Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
The War of
the
Industrial
Revolution:
New
Technology
French Renault Tank
British Tank at Ypres
U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Curtis-Martin
U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The Zeppelin
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
German Cartoon:
“Fit for active service!”, 1918
1918 Flu Pandemic:
Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 –
100,000,000 died
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
Costs of War
1. Rebuilding
2. Colonial gov’ts
look for
independence
3. Scapegoats
4. Extremism
5. Fear of Germany
Treaty of Versailles
Guilt Clause=Germany is to blame
$30 billion in reparations=$2.7 trillion
No heavy artillery, no tanks, no U-boats, no air
force, no chemical weapons
No more than 100,000 troops
New nations=Latvia, Lithuania, Yugoslavia,
Hungary, Austria, Poland, Estonia, Finland, Czech
League of Nations: Wilson’s idea, but America
rejects
Mandates (territories administered by Western
Nations through the League of Nations: Palestine,
Iraq, Syria, Ghana, Tanzania, Rwanda
9,000,000 Dead
The Somme American
Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died
World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US