Transcript US - West Ada School District

IMPERIALISM
Imperialism: policy in which stronger
nations extend their economic, political,
or military control over weaker
territories.
U.S. EXPANSION
• Factors that fueled U.S. expansion
• Desire for military strength
• U.S. needed to build up their military.
• U.S. became the world’s 3rd largest naval power.
• Need for new markets
• U.S. producing too much.
• Foreign trade was the solution to overproduction,
unemployment, and $ depression.
• Belief in cultural superiority (ethnocentricity)
• Manifest Destiny, Christianity, Anglo-Saxons
U.S. ACQUIRES ALASKA
• Known as “Seward’s folly” or “Seward’s
Icebox”
• Bought from the Russians for $7.2
million in 1867
• 2 cents per acre
• Rich in resources.
• Oil
• Timber
• Minerals
U.S. TAKES HAWAII
• Rich, white sugar owners
wanted Hawaii to be annexed.
• Hawaiians didn’t approve
• U.S. marines overthrew the
Queen Liliuokalani
• Sanford B. Dole headed the gov.
• Pres. McKinley favored
statehood.
• Aug. 12, 1898: HI. Became a U.S.
territory
THE SPANISHAMERICAN WAR
CUBA VS. SPAIN
• Cubans tried to revolt against Spain between
1868-1878.
• Not successful
• U.S. considered buying Cuba: Spanish would
rather “sink Cuba into the ocean”
• U.S. businessmen started buying sugar cane
plantations in Cuba.
CUBA: 2ND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE
• Jose Marti: Cuban poet that started the 2nd
move for independence
• Spanish responded with concentration
camps
• Yellow Journalism
• U.S. newspapers exaggerated facts to sway
U.S. support for Cuba
• Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph
Hearst-Claimed horrible things to sway
public support
• Cuban Rebels deliberately destroyed U.S.
owned sugar mills
• Tried to get U.S. involved
YELLOW JOURNALISM
THE DE LOME LETTER
• President McKinley tried diplomacy to
ease tensions.
• Spanish Minster to the U.S. Enrique
Dupuy De Lome
• Intercepted from a Havana post office
• Called McKinley weak and selfabsorbant
• America was furious with Spain which
pushed us to support Cuba in war
U.S.S. MAINE EXPLODES
• A few days after the publication of the De Lome
letter
• Ship intended to bring Americans home safely
• 260 killed in explosion
• Spain blamed (Yellow journalism)
• They did not take responsibility.
WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN
• Spanish agreed to almost all U.S. termsbut we were mad!
• April 20th, 1898 U.S. declared war
• Spanish navy was blockaded – trapped
• U.S. had superior Navy
• U.S. ground force:
• Small army
• Poorly equipped / trained.
WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Philippines also belonged to Spain
• Commodore George Dewey
• Took the islands in four months
• Surprise battle for Spanish
• Filipinos wanted independence from
Spain
THE ROUGH RIDERS
• Volunteer cavalry unit lead by
Teddy Roosevelt.
• July 1, 1898: Battle of Kettle Hill
• Rough Rider lead victory opened up
Cuba for the taking.
• San Juan Hill
• Strategically important victory.
• African-American regiments did
much of the dirty work
• Roosevelt received glory
• Two days later, Spanish Navy
crushed.
TREATY OF PARIS
• December 10, 1898
• Cuba freed
• U.S. acquired Guam, Wake
Island, and Puerto Rico
• Spain sold the U.S. the
Philippines for $20 million.
• Filipinos then revolted in a
war with the U.S.
POST SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
CUBAN RELATIONS
US passes Teller Amendment
US has no intention of taking over any part
of Cuba
Cubans writes constitution
doesn’t define relations with U.S.
US insists Cuba add Platt Amendment
Platt Amendment: Cuba becomes a
Protectorate country, whose affairs are
partially controlled by a stronger power.
PUERTO RICO
• America
• wants US presence in Caribbean & to
protect future canal
• Puerto Rico
• Wants statehood or Independence
• 1900 Congress passes the Foraker Act
• Ended military rule and set up a civil govt.
Gives US Pres. Power to elect governor
PHILIPPINES
• Filipinos wanted independence
• US wanted easy gateway to Asia/ China
• Treaty of Paris made Phil. an independent territory of US
• Emilio Aquinaldo, 1899, leads revolt, uses guerilla tactics
• US responds
• Concentration Camps 
• 3 year war in the Philippines
• 400 million dollars
• After war, US sets up government, same as Puerto Rico
• Philippines eventually become independent republic 1946.
CHINA
• Vast potential market for American products
• China was weak from war and foreign intervention
• US, John Hay
• Open Door Notes=letters to leaders of Imperialist nations
proposing nations share their trading rights with US
• Imperialist powers accepted policy
• China kept freedom, but Europe dominated large cities
• Threatened culture
• Boxer Rebellion
• Martial Art rebel secret society didn’t like foreign control
• International forces put them down in 2 months
AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER
• McKinley is assassinated
• Roosevelt becomes president
• Russia declared war on Japan
• Roosevelt negotiated peace(Peace Prize)
• Roosevelt intervened (Manchuria and Korea)
• Gained respective relationships in Asia
PANAMA CANAL
• Canal cutting across Central America
• Reduces travel time for commercial and military ships
• Shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
• US buys the Panama route from French for 40 Million
• US now needed permission from Columbia to build
• Panamanian rebellion against Colombia
• US warships were present as Panama declared its independence.
• Panama and US signed treaty
• US paid rent for the Canal Zone, starting in 1913
• US paid $380 million for construction
• US paid Columbia $25 million
NEW POLICIES
• Roosevelt Corollary
• US wanted to be the dominant power in the
Caribbean and Central America
• Monroe Doctrine= demanding European countries
stay out of the affairs of Latin American nations
• Roosevelt Corollary= US would now use force to
protect its economic interests in Latin America
• International police power
• Dollar Diplomacy- guarantee loans made to
foreign countries by American businesspeople
MEXICO
• Missionary Diplomacy
• Wilson decided US had moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as
oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interests.
• Mexican Landowners rich/common people poor
• General Victoriano Huerta overthrew Mex govt.
• Wilson refused to recognize govt, calling it “a government of butchers”
• Venustiano Carranza, nationalist leader became president, 1915
• Wilson formally recognized the Carranza govt.
• Carranza did not have support of all Mexicans
• Rebel leaders Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata take over
• Pancho Villa threatened US
• Killed Americans in Mexico
• US sends Gernal John J. Pershing and 15,000 soldiers to capture Pancho Villa
WORLD WAR I
CAUSES
• Militarism-Goal of creating
biggest, strongest military
• Alliance system-creating
connections with other countries to
assure safety/support (in theory)
• Imperialism-Goal of attaining
other, weaker territories
• Nationalism-everyone thinks they
are better than everyone else
OTHER ISSUES
• Balkan wars created tension in smaller
nations
• “A Family Affair”
• British monarch, German Kaiser’s
uncle, Uncle of Russian Czar,
Norwegian Queen, Queen of Spain,
and Queen of Romania ALL related
somehow
• Austro-Hungarian determination to
impose power upon Balkans, German
desire for power and arms race with
Britain, French desire for revenge
against Germany, Russia’s goal to restore
prestige
THE ASSASSINATION
• Spark-assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
by a Serbian nationalist
• The Black Hand (nationalist secret society)
• He wasn’t even well-liked
• Austria-Hungary used opportunity as power-grab
• Ultimatum to Serbians and expected small war
• Serbians connected to Russia and AustroHungarians tied to Germany (who encouraged
war)
ALLIANCES
• Triple Alliance/ Central Powers
• Germany, Austria Hungary, and
Ottoman Empire
• Allied Powers/Triple Entente
• Russia, France, and Britain (Also
Serbia, U.S. eventually Italy, etc…)
AUSTRIA –HUNGARY
• Angry with Serbia, declared war
on July 28, 1914
• Needed Germany for success
GERMANY
• Ally to Austria-Hungary saw Russian mobilization as act of war.
• Issued “blank check” -unconditional support to A.H.
• Declared war on Russia August 1st.
• Invaded Belgium (neutral) quickly and reached Paris
• May not have encouraged A.H. to go to war if they knew Britain
would get involved-didn’t expect Britain to put allies before
commercial interests
• U-boats
• Sophisticated submarine
• The typical U-boat was 214 feet long, carried 35 men and 12
torpedoes
GERMANY CONTINUED
• Kaiser Wilhelm II
• Ambitious to find Germany “A Place in the
Sun”
• Wanted to increase Naval fleet to match
Britain’s (world’s largest)-built 29 battleships
• Failed to foresee consequences of increasing
military, although his military leadership
knew and prepared for a 2 front war.
• Schlieffen Plan-Take France in 5 weeks
before Russia could mobilize in 6
• Almost worked, but Chief of staff slowed Paris
progress and resulted in static trench warfare
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
• The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers
to form the Triple Alliance with the signing of
the August 1914 Turco-German Alliance.
• Turkey formally entered World War I on
October 28, 1914, with the bombing of Russian
Black Sea ports.
• The Triple Entente, or Allied Powers, declared
war on the Ottoman Empire on November 4.
• Two major factors led to Ottoman involvement:
• German pressure and the opportunism of
Turkish minister of war Enver Pasha.
• German victories early in the War and Turkey's
friction with the Triple Entente.
FRANCE
• Bound by treaty to Russia (at war w/Germany and A.H.
by extension)
• Thirsting for revenge on Germany for taking certain
territories
BRITAIN
• Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, and
Union of South Africa
• Allied loosely to France, declared war on
Germany August 4th, mostly because of 75yr-old obligation to Belgium
• By extension at war with A.H.
• Britain’s many colonies also then at war
• Agreed to military alliance with Japan to
limit German colonial gains in East
• Tried to meet German challenge by
increasing naval fleet-49 battleships
U.S. INVOLVEMENT
• Isolationists by Wilson’s policy
of neutrality UNTIL 1917
• Germany’s unrestricted
submarine warfare threatened
commercial shipping
• U-Boats
• British waters
U.S.-WHY WE GOT INVOLVED
• Lusitania
• Of the 1,959 passengers, 1,198 were killed,
including 128 Americans
• Germans opened unrestricted submarine
warfare in waters around Great Britain
• Zimmerman Telegram
• Coded message from German Foreign
Secretary Zimmermann to Count Von
Bernstorff, the German ambassador to
Mexico
• Zimmermann stated that, in the event of war
with the U.S, Mexico should be a German ally.
In return, Germany would restore to Mexico
the lost territories of TX, NM, and AZ
U.S. ENTERS THE WAR
• U.S. entered war April 6th, 1917
• Selective Service Act
• Required all men to register w/the gov.
in order to be chosen at random for the
military.
• Not enough people were volunteering,
so it was mandatory to register
JAPAN
• Beat out Russia for territorial gains in
Korea and Manchuria in 1904 and created
tense relationship, soothed by T. Roosevelt
• Due to military agreement with Britain,
entered war against Germany August 23rd,
1914
• A.H. declared war on Japan August 25th,
1914
RUSSIA
• Treaty with Serbia forced them to mobilize
military against A.H and Germany
• Eventually Russia’s huge losses upset
citizens
• Russia pulled out of the war
• Tsar Nicholas II
• Wanted to restore Russian prestige
ITALY
• Allied to Germany and A.H, but declared
policy of neutrality because of offensive
war rather than defensive (clause)
• Had a secret alliance with France insuring
Italian neutrality in case of German attack
on France
• In May 1915, joined the Allies against A.H.
and Germany
TRENCH WARFARE
THE TRENCHES
EXPERIENCING DEATH
• Years of stalemate from autumn 1914 to
spring 1918
• Shellfire brought random death
• Buried in trenches by shell-bursts
• Novices killed by peering over parapet into
No Man’s Land
• Killed by Sniper’s bullet
• Disease killed constantly
• Falling asleep on duty=death by firing squad
• Trench foot was a big issue in early years of
war
• Caused by wet unsanitary conditions and
could become gangrenous and lead to
amputations
***Excerpt #1
MOVE! MOVE! ARMY CRAWL!
RATS AND INFESTATION
• Millions- a single rat can have 900 offspring
per year
• Gorge on human remains (grow to the size of
a cat)
• Rats would scamper across their faces in the
dark
• They would try to get rid of rats with
bayonets, by clubbing them, or shooting them
• Spread infection and contaminated food
• Lice caused trench fever(took 12 weeks to
recover)
• Shaved heads to avoid nits and lice
***Excerpt #3***
SOLDIER LIFE
• Trench Cycle
• Serve on frontline, serve as support, serve in reserve lines, and
finally period of rest, then restart
• Daily Duties
• “Stand to”-hour before dawn (“morning hate”)
• Sometimes rum
• Cleaning rifle equipment-inspection by officers
***Excerpt #4***
• Unofficial breakfast truce
• Chores
• Refill sandbags, repair duckboards, draining of trenches, trench
repair, prepping latrines
• Read and write letters home
• A few minutes rest here and there
MOVE! MOVE! ARMY CRAWL!
NO MAN’S LAND
• Area between front lines
• DANGEROUS place
• Soldiers occasionally assigned a listening
post (get enemy info)
• Hand to hand combat in No Man’s Land-no
guns, too loud
• Sometimes had to repair or add barbed
wire
***Excerpt #5***
THE SMELL
• Rotting carcasses-buried in shallow graves
• Overflowing latrines
• Rare bathing opportunities
• Feet had TERRIBLE odor
• Creosol or chloride of lime used to prevent
disease
• Lingering poisonous gas
• Rotten sandbags
• Stagnant mud
• Cigarette smoke
• Cooking food
***Excerpt #6***
MOVE! MOVE! ARMY CRAWL!
TRENCH SYSTEM
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=CIQ9
TS02CI4
THE WAR CONTINUES
CHRISTMAS TRUCE: 1914
• Soldiers stopped fighting for
Christmas day
• series of widespread,
unofficial ceasefires
• Food
• Gifts
• Burials
• Songs
• Games
MAJOR BATTLES OF WWI
Battle of Tannenberg
1. August 1914
2. Complete German victory
3. Destruction of Russian 2nd Army
Battle of Marne
1. September 1914
2. One month of movement
3. Ended in trench warfare stalemate
Battle of Verdun
1. December 1916
2. Longest battle of WWI
Battle of Somme
1. November 1916
2. Main Allied attack on western front
3. Loss of 58,000 British troops
4. 4 months
INFLUENZA PANDEMIC
• About 1/3 of the population were infected- an estimated 500 million
people worldwide
• 20-50 million died
• In the U.S., citizens were ordered to wear masks, and schools, theaters
and other public places were shuttered
• We later discovered that the influenza virus had invaded their lungs and
caused pneumonia.
• Boy Scouts in New York City approached people they’d seen spitting on the
street and gave them cards that read: “You are in violation of the Sanitary
Code.”
• Known as “Spanish Flu”-Victims died within hours or days of their
symptoms appearing, their skin turning blue and their lungs filling
with fluid that caused them to suffocate.
• More U.S. soldiers died from the 1918 flu than were killed in battle
during the war. Forty percent of the U.S. Navy was hit with the flu, while
36 percent of the Army became ill
SHELL SHOCK
• 80,000 cases by the end of the war
• Psychological more than physical
• including debilitating anxiety, persistent
nightmares, and physical afflictions
ranging from diarrhea to loss of sight
• 1/5 returned to duty
• Now known as PTSD
U.S. TURNS THE TIDE
• Convoy System: Battleships escorting
merchant ships across the Atlantic.
• 230 miles of mines across the North
Sea.
• Kept German U-Boats bottled up.
NEW WEAPONS
Submarine Warfare
Machine guns
Chlorine and Mustard gas
Tanks
Airplanes
Gatling guns
Barbed wire
Railroads
COLLAPSE OF GERMANY
• Russia pulled out of the war in 1917.
• Germany focused on the Western Front.
• Turkey(O.E.) signs armistice in October
• Nov. 3, 1918: A.H. surrendered
• Nov. 11, 1918: Germany signed an
armistice.
• Railroad car in French Forest
• Shock to soldiers
• War went past 11:00
COLLAPSE OF GERMANY CONTINUED
• Allies blockaded Germany
until treaty
• Germany relied on imports
• people died between armistice
and treaty
DEATH TOLL
• 22 million deaths
• 20 million wounded
• 10 million refugees
Britain : 750,000 soldiers killed; 1,500,000 wounded
France : 1,400,000 soldiers killed; 2,500,000 wounded
Belgium : 50,000 soldiers killed
Italy : 600,000 soldiers killed
Russia : 1,700,000 soldiers killed
America : 116,000 soldiers killed
Germany : 2,000,000 soldiers killed
Austria-Hungary : 1,200,000 soldiers killed
Turkey : 325,000 soldiers killed
Bulgaria : 100,000 soldiers killed
Russian Revolution
RUSSIANS REVOLT
• Civil unrest, food shortages, and incomparable losses in WWI
led to uprising and revolt against imperial rule
• Imperial Russia was no match for industrial Germany
• Government corruption
• Czar dissolved Duma (governing body) when it opposed him
• February Revolution (actually March)
• People looking for bread took to streets of capital (Petrograd/St.
Petersburg)
• Irate mobs destroyed police stations
• Troops attempted to quell uprising, sometimes by opening fire
• Regiments ended up defecting and joining uprising
• Forced abdication of Czar Nicholas II-last Russian Czar
• His brother Michael refused the crown
REVOLUTION…AGAIN
• October Revolution
• Bolshevik Party, led by Lenin launched a nearly bloodless
coup d’etat against provisional govt.
• Czar and his family were killed by Bolshevik forces, who hid
the bodies
• Bodies were found in 1970s and identified by DNA testing
• Vladmir Lennin
• Dictator of first Marxist state
• His govt made peace with Germany
• Civil War
• In 1918 anti-Bolshevik white army began civil war against
Lenin’s govt.
• They were defeated in 1920
• 1922- USSR was established
THE HOME FRONT
WAR AT HOME
• U.S. is the world’s great industrial power.
• Intensified anti-immigrant sentiments
• Women into the work force.
• Wilson given total control over the
economy
• War Industries Board
• Espionage and Sedition Acts: fines and
imprisonment/punishment for saying
anything profane about the gov. and war
effort.
• Violated Freedom of Speech
GREAT MIGRATION
• Large scale movement of thousands of
African Americans from the South to
the North.
• Escape Jim Crow
• Jobs
THE “BIG 4”
• U.S.: President Woodrow Wilson
• Great Britain: P.M. David Lloyd George
• France: P.M. Georges Clemenceau
• Italy: P.M. Vittorio Orlando
WILSON’S 14 POINTS
• Points 1-5 were addressed
to prevent another war.
• #14: Called for the
creation of an
international organization
to address world
problems
• League of Nations.
• Rejected by France and
Britain – not harsh enough
on Germany.
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
• Created 9 new European
countries
• Ottoman Empire carved up
• Germany
• Germany couldn’t maintain an
army (only 100,000 men, no
tanks/air force, 6 naval ships, no
subs)
• Germany pay over $30 billion to
the Allies. (70 years)
• Germany lost some of their land to
Denmark, Czechoslovakia, and
Belgium, a larger amount to France
and the greatest portion of all to
Poland.
• Russia not invited to the Treaty
WHERE THIS IS GOING…
• Above all else, Germany hated the clause blaming her for the cause of the war and the
resultant financial penalties the treaty was bound to impose on Germany. Those who signed it
(though effectively they had no choice) became known as the "November Criminals".
• The Italian politicians failed to perceive the positive elements of the peace treaties and
stressed the negative ones, and so the myth of the "mutilated victory" spread, fueling the
Fascist propaganda and helping Benito Mussolini seize power.
• It was the loss of territory to Poland that caused by far the greatest resentment. Many
Germans never accepted the treaty as legitimate, and later gave their political support to
Adolf Hitler, who was arguably the first national politician to both speak out and take action
against the treaty's conditions.
GOING HOME
• Shell Shock
• 306 British soldiers were arrested, put on
trial and executed in the same day for
“cowardice” and “not following orders”
• We didn’t know much about PTSD
• Plastic Surgery-experimental
• It was new and necessary during this time
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=MgoZWQ1opDE
“HERE RESTS
IN HONORED
GLORY AN
AMERICAN
SOLDIER
KNOWN BUT
TO GOD”
*NO ALCOHOL OR
SWEARING
*WET GLOVES
*CHANGE GUARD
EVERY 30
MINUTES, 24/7
*COMMIT 2 YEARS
*LIVE IN BARRACKS
*5 HOURS A DAY TO
PREPARE UNIFORM
*NO SPEAKING OR
T.V. FOR FIRST 6
MONTHS
*STUDIES THOSE
BURIED IN THE
CEMETERY