Transcript WWI Notes - Chandler Unified School District

1914-1918:
The World
at War
Causes
of the
War
The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
Great Britain
Germany
France
AustriaHungary
Russia
Italy
Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Great Britain
Germany
France
AustriaHungary
Russia
Turkey
Italy
The Major Players: 1914-17
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Nicholas II
[RUS]
Wilhelm II [GER]
George V [GB]
Victor Emmanuel
II [IT]
Enver Pasha
[Turkey]
Pres. Poincare
[FR]
Franz Josef [A-H]
Europe in 1914
Nationalism and Alliances
 Rivalries over colonies and trade grew during the Age of
Imperialism.
– At the same time, Europe’s great powers had been divided
into two loose alliances.
 Triple Alliance= Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
 Triple Entente= France, Great Britain, Russia
 Nationalism- not all ethnic groups had separated to become
nations.
– Slavic minorities in the Balkans and the Hapsburg Empire,
still wanted to be their own nations.
– The Irish in the British Empire and the Poles in the Russian
Empire had similar dreams of becoming their own nations.
Militarism
 Growth of massive armies heightened existing tension
between countries.
 Conscription= a military draft (U.S. and GB were the
exceptions)
– European armies doubled in size between 1890-1914.
– Militarism= aggressive preparation for war.
– Military leaders began gaining power leaving political
leaders with little leeway.
– In 1914, they had to make decisions for military instead
of political reasons.
Assassination in Sarajevo
 By 1914, Serbia, supported by Russia, was determined to
create a large, independence Slavic state in the Balkans.
 A-H which had its own Slavic minorities was equally
determined to prevent that from happening.
 June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the
throne of A-H and his wife, Sophia visited the city of
Sarajevo in Bosnia.
– A group of conspirators waited for them in the streets.
– Gavrilo Princip, 19 year old Bosnian Serb was a member of
a Serbian terrorist organization that wanted Bosnia to be
free from A-H and to become part of a large Serbian
kingdom.
– An assassination attempt by one conspirator earlier that day
failed. Princip shot and killed both the Archduke and his
wife.
Austria-Hungary Responds
 The A-H did not know if the
Serbian government was
directly involved but did not
care.
 Austrian leaders wanted to
attack Serbia but feared that
Russia would intervene on
Serbia’s behalf.
– Instead they asked for the
backing of their German ally.
– Emperor William I of
Germany gave A-H a “blank
check” promising their full
support.
– On July 28, A-H declared war
on Serbia.
Russia Mobilizes
 Russia was determined to support Serbia.
– July 28, Czar Nicholas II ordered partial mobilization of the
Russian army against A-H.
– Mobilization= process of assembling troops and supplies for
war.
– Leaders of the Russian army informed the czar that they
could not partially mobilize. Their plans were based on a
war against both Germany and A-H.
– Mobilizing against only A-H would create chaos in the army.
– The Czar ordered full mobilization of the Russian army on
July 29, knowing that Germany would consider this order
an act of war.
Conflict Gets Bigger
 Germany did react quickly. Their government warned Russia
that it must halt its mobilization within 12 hours.
– Russia ignored the warning. Germany then declared war on
Russia on August 1.
 General Alfred von Schlieffen had helped draw up a plan.
– Two-front war with France and Russia since the two had
formed a military alliance in 1894.
– Germany would conduct a small holding against Russia while
most of the German army would carry out a rapid invasion
of France.
– In order to invade France, they would have to move along the
coastline of Belgium.
– After France was defeated, German invaders would move to
the east against Russia.
Conflict Gets Bigger
 Germany could not just fight Russia.
 Therefore, it declared war on France, August 3.
– At the same time, it issued an ultimatum to Belgium
demanding that German troops be allowed to pass through.
 August 4, Great Britain declared war on Germany for
violating Belgian neutrality.
– Britain was allied with France and concerned about maintaining its
own world power.
 By August 4, all the Great Powers of Europe were at war.
2. Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenses for the Great Powers
[Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]
in millions of £s.
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
94
130
154
268
289
1914
398
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
4. Aggressive Nationalism
The Balkans, 1914
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe
The
“Spark”
Who’s To Blame?
German Atrocities in Belgium
Mobilization
Recruitment Posters
A Young Australian Recruit
Recruits of the
Central Powers
A German Soldier
Says Farewell to His
Mother
AustroHungarians
New French Recruits
A German Boy Pretends to Be a
Soldier
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
Women
and the
War
Effort
Financing the War
For Recruitment
Munitions Workers
French Women Factory
Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Working in the Fields
A Woman Ambulance Driver
Red Cross Nurses
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Russian Women Soldiers
Spies
 “Mata Hari”
 Real Name:
Margareetha
Geertruide
Zelle
 German Spy!
Posters:
Wartime
Propaganda
Australian Poster
American Poster
Financing the War
German Poster
Think of Your Children!
The Western Front:
A “War of
Attrition”
A Multi-Front War
The Western Front
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s
Land”
Verdun – February, 1916
 German offensive.
 Each side had 500,000
casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916
 60,000 British soldiers killed in one
day.
 Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in War
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
The
Eastern
Front
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
T. E. Lawrence
& the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & Prince
Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19
The Tsar with General Brusilov
The
“Colonial”
Fronts
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in Africa
Black Soldiers in the
German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]
British Sikh
Mountain Gunners
Fighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry from
Cochin, China - 1916
America
Joins
the
Allies
The Sinking
of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Yanks
Are Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
The War of the
Industrial
Revolution:
New
Technology
French Renault Tank
British Tank at Ypres
U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Curtis-Martin
U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The Zeppelin
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
“Art”
of
World
War I
“A Street in Arras”
John Singer Sargent, 1918
“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917
“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”
Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914
“Gassed and Wounded”
Eric Kennington, 1918
“Paths of Glory”
C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
German Cartoon:
“Fit for active service!”, 1918
1918 Flu Pandemic:
Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 –
100,000,000 died
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
9,000,000 Dead
The Somme American
Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died
World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western
Armenia in Turkey
1914
1922
Erzerum
215,000
1,500
Van
197,000
500
Kharbert
204,000
35,000
Diarbekir
124,000
3,000
Bitlis
220,000
56,000
Sivas
225,000
16,800
Western Anatolia
371,800
27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria
309,000
70,000
European Turkey
194,000
163,000
73,390
15,000
2,133,190
387,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites
in Turkey
Trapizond District
Total