Transcript UNIT_8-THE_WORLD_AT_WAR

Chapter 15-World War I and
beyond
WWI Trench
warfare
Imagine staying in a
hole in the ground
for three or four
years. That was the
situation for many
French, British and
German troops
during WWI. The
trenches were cold in
winter, hot in
summer and wet and
muddy most of the
time.
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Europe on the Brink of war due to four MAIN reasons
1. Militarism-massive military buildups exp in Ger.
2. Alliances-European nations form a series of alliances
a. Triple Alliance-Germany, Austria-Hungary and ItalyCentral Powers
b. Triple Entente-France, Russia and Great Britain-Allied
Powers
3. Imperialism-quest for empires leads to conflicts
4. Nationalism-strong devotion to one’s national group
a. ne countries like Germany and Italy
b. Balkan Peninsula-many ethnic groups vying for
independence from Ottoman Empire-Serbia-indep endent
nation-Austria-Hungary opposed Serbian expansion
b. War breaks out-Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and wife
Sophie visit Bosnian city of Sarajevo on June 28,1914 Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian
rebel kills both
1) The impact-Princip is arrested, AH decides to punish Serbia, demands
his turnover to them and lose of Serbian independence, then declares war on
July 28,1914
Russia had a secret treaty with Serbia and prepares to aid Serbs, Germany is
allied to AH and declares war on Russia then their allies the French –WWI has
begun
2) fighting begins-Germany faced a war on two fronts-Russia to the east
and France to the west-decided years earlier to defeat France first with the
Schlieffen Plan
a) Germany attacks through neutral Belgium-then to France
b) Central Powers vs the Allied Powers
3) Fighting in 1914
a) early battles-Battle of the Frontiers-Aug 1914-German victory
b) Russia loses in the Battle of Tannenberg to the Germans
c) Trench warfare begins at Battle of the Marne- Sept 1914-Allies
stop and drive the Germans back –they dig deep ditches along the Aisne River
and wait-fight back and Allies dig own trenches until they are deadlocked at
the Western Front
Wilson urges neutralityAmericans have divided loyalties-German Americans, Irish Americans etc-many
supported the Central Powers Still most support the AlliesAmerican opinion crystallizes as Germany invades neutral Belgium
Three groups---isolationists
interventionistsinternationalistsNeutrality shifts to war
GB blockades Germany –excludes all goods to be stopped
German U-boats (subs) begin sinking Allied ships including the British linerLusitania on May 7,1915-killing over one thousand, including 126 Americans
When French Sussex sunk America protests and Germany pledges not to sink
unarmed ships-Sussex Pledge
Wilson prepares for war-National Defense Act expands the army and navy
Runs for President with slogan “He kept us out of war.”-wins over C.E. Hughes
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a. WWI battlefield
1) Trench warfare-misery, attack over the top into
No-man’s –land-area between the trenches
2) new weapons-poison gas-Germans 1st at Ypreschlorine and mustard gases most used
3) tanks –first used in WWI-British pioneered
4) aircraft used as recon and bombers and air
attacks, also zeppelins used by Germans
b. War on the home front-total war1) government actions-factories convert to military production, civilians
conserve gas, drafts, propaganda-information designed to influence opinions like
posters, pamphlets and articles urging volunteer or enemy’s atrocities
2) women in the war-millions of men in battle-women do work, produce
weapons, send goods, nurses-change view of women and right to vote results
First World War.com - Propaganda Posters
3) Selective Service Act4) War Industries Board-Bernard Baruch—regulated insdustries in war effort
5) Food Administration-Herbert Hoover-meatless,
Wheatless, Victory gardens, canning
6) Committee on Public Information-George CreelPamphlets, four minute men, posters
c. Opposition to war and draft
1) conscientious objectors2) Espionage act3) sedition act4) Schenck v USd. Women work for peace-Jane Addams, Jeannette
Rankin, NAWSA for the war women gain new opportunities in nursing, Red Cross
and gain 19th Am after war
E prejudice vs German Americansf. African Americans-Great Migration north,
Mexican Americans move north also-
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a. Russia and WWI
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1) years before the war-small Marxist group the Bolsheviks sought a communist revolution led
by Vladimir Lenin-workers gain the power to rule-with the bolsheviks in power
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2) Russia in WWI- 6 mil man army-patriotism-ill prepared and lost to Germans and A-H
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3) conditions grow worse –Czar Nicholas II-personal command of army-not military and more
loses-food and goods scarce, Czarina Alexandra in control and relied on advice of Grigory
Rasputin
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b. Russian Revolution-begins Mar 8, 1917-food riots, Duma ordered to disband and refuse,
abdicated Mar. 15-February Revolution-actually in March for rest of Europe
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1) Provisional government led by Aleksandr Kerensky and Duma-continued the war, peasants
want land, Bolsheviks wanted to end private property
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2) Bolshevik Revolution-mid 1917-army rebels, November 1917-Lenin attacks provisional
government-October Revolution and Lenin the leader-private ownership of land illegal-factories
to workers-get out of WWI
c. After the Revolution-Trotsky negotiates peace and loses land
1) Civil War-White Army included army, wealthy help from US and France-3yr war vs Red
Army
2) new economic policy by Lenin-some capitalistic activity to encourage food production
3) Soviet Union-by 1922 Russian economy improves-reunites with neighboring land and
called Union of Soviet Socialist Republics-Lenin dies in 1924
SECTION 3- Wilson War and Peace
a. Battles on the Western Front
1) the Italian front-May 1915- Italy joins the Allied Powers and attacks Austria
Hungary with little success
2) Battle of Verdun- kill as many French as possible-Feb 1916-Dec400,000casualties for French Germany nearly as many
3) Battle of the Somme- British attack in June 1916-60,000British casualties
the first day- ended in December-no victory
4)Battle of Ypres- failed French assault and rebellion –July 1917 British attack
near Ypres, Belgium-third Battle of Ypres a disaster ends in November
b. War around the world-over 30 countries officially took sides
1) the Gallipoli Campaign- Ottoman Empire joins the Central powers in 1914controls the Dardanelles-water route between Black Sea and Mediterranean-Allies
need it to sent goods to Russia-Allies land a force on Gallipoli in 1915—200,000
casualties and no success
2) Armenian massacre-1914 Russians attack the Caucasus-mt region between
Black and Caspian sea-Ottomans remove Armenians and 600,000 die
3) other fighting-Asia-Japan declared war on Germany and captures German
colonies in China and Pacific, British and French attack German colonies in Africasoldiers from British empire fought and the French (Algerians)
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a. The United States enters the war-not in 1914!!!
1) American neutrality-stay out of the war-Woodrow
Wilson-reelected in 1916-”He kept us out of war”
2) Trouble on the seas-Germans attacked civilian ships as
part of unrestricted submarine warfare policy using the Uboat or submarine-including the British passenger liner
Luisitania-attacked in Sept 1915-1200 died including 120
Americans-complain and they stop-resume in 1917
3) Zimmerman note-Feb 1917-German diplomat to Mexico
proposing Mexico attack US in return for SW US territory
http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/The_Zimmerman_Note
4) US declares war in April 1917
b. End of fighting-Central Powers need a win before the US arrives
1) new German offensive-after Russia leaves the war-within 40 miles of ParisGermans lose 800,000 troops-and the Americans arrive in June with Pershing
2) German collapse- 2nd Battle of the Marne- Allies stop the German assault and go
on offensive-in October Allies break Hindenburg Line-near Germany’s border
Nov 11,1918-armistice-truce was declared and war over
c. A difficult peace
1) Allies have differing goals
a) Wilson’s 14 Points calls for reduced weapons, rights of people and League of
Nations to prevent war and aggression
b) France led by Clemenceau wants to punish Germany and have them payc) GB David Lloyd George wants to punish Germany but not too much
d) Italy’s Vittorio Orlando wants territory and is ignored and walks out
2) Treaty of Versailles-Clemenceau gets what he wanted
a) Germany admits war guilt
b) Germany pays reparationsc) Germany forced to limit its military and return conquered lands to France and
Russia
d) Germany loses lands to create Poland and colonies elsewhere taken
e) League of Nations organized but Germany excluded and US Senate won’t
approve the treaty and join the League
3) Other treaties-with A-H and Ottoman Empire-mandatesnew nations out of S_H empire-Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria and Hungary
Balfour Declaration-favor establishing a Jewish state in Palestine-British control
d. The Costs of the war
1) human costs-9million soldiers killed, 13 million civilians killed ,millions
more wounded- 21.2 million-generation gone or wounded—influenza epidemic in
1918 spreads across world kills 50 million
2) economic costs-national economies destroyed, farms and industries
destroyed, chaos, Europe lost role as dominant economic region to US and Japancost 332 billion or more
3) political changes-unrest and communist revolution in Russia, monarchies
in A-H, Germany and Ottoman empire overthrown
4) unrest in colonies-esp those who fought in war and want freedom
In Flanders Fields
By: Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae,
MD (1872-1918)
Canadian Army
In Flanders Fields the poppies blow
Between the crosses row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks, still bravely singing, fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below.
We are the Dead. Short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved and were loved, and now we lie
In Flanders fields.
Take up our quarrel with the foe:
To you from failing hands we throw
The torch; be yours to hold it high.
If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow
In Flanders fields.