Transcript Journal - Harvey L. Jefferson

Journal
•What do you know or
remember about
WWI?
hw
• To what extent and with what results was
the assassination of the Archduke a cause
of WWI?
• Justify the decision to assassinate
someone in order to create anarchy.
WWI
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Causes
M- Militarism
A- Alliance Systems
I- Imperialism
N- Nationalism
Assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
WWI Quiz
• Fill out the Causes and define the terms in
your own words!
• M• A• I• N• Assassination of
of
WWI Quiz
• Fill out the Causes and define the terms in
your own words!
• M-ilitarism- build up of military
• A-lliances- nations who make a pact to help
each other
• I-mperialism- stronger nations expanding
and colonizing other nations
• N-ationalism- extreme pride in one’s contry
• Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
of Austria Hungary
Causes, Practices, and Effects of
Wars:
World War I, 1914-1918
I.
Origins and Causes
• A. Long-term
• 1. Nationalism
• a. French Revolution (Sovereignty lies with
nation—a people based on common
language, religion, national symbols—not
king)
• b. Napoleon’s spread of Nationalism to fight
other kings
• c. Unification of Italy, 1859-1870
• d. Unification of Germany, 1866-1870
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2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Industrial Capitalism
Raw Materials
Markets
Excess Production
Population Increase
3. Balkan Conflict
a. Decline of Ottoman Empire
b. Smaller states break away
c. Larger states want to swallow smaller
states
• d. Austria v. Russia
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B. Short-term
1. Imperialism
a. Symptom of industrial capitalism
b. Competition for colonies
c. Social Darwinism
d. Creates rivalries, tension, and
crises
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2.
a.
b.
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d.
International Rivalries
France v. Germany
England v. France
Germany v. England
Monarchies v. Republics
• 3. Alliance system
• a. Initiated by Bismarck at end of
Franco-Prussian War to keep France
isolated
• b. Great powers distrusted one another
(competition over colonies)
• c. Felt way to dissuade attack
• d. Two large military blocs
• 1) Triple Alliance(Central Powers): Ger,
A-H, Italy (Ottoman Empire)
• 2) Triple Entente(Allies): GB, Fr, Russ
(US)
• 4. Militarism
• a. As rivalries, competition increased,
size of armies increased
• b. European armies 2x 1890-1914
• c. As armies grow, so too influence of
military leaders
• d. Created complex military plans in
case of war; deviation from plans
would be disaster
• e. British-German Naval race
1/24/13
Learning Goal
• SWBAT understand the causes, practices,
and effects of WWI and war.
Journal- Paragraph each ?
• 1. What role did self determination play in
the start of WWI?
• 2. To what extent and with what results did
the theory of “expand or explode” cause
WWI?
Define the following terms and
give a brief explanation of
importance and critical
information(Paragraph)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Moral Diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy
Big Stick Diplomacy
Imperialism
“Expand or Explode”
• C. Immediate
• 1. Serbian Nationalism
• a. Want to create Greater Serbia,
south slav state
• b. Sees Austria-Hungary as
obstacle
• c. Assassination of Austrian
Archduke in Sarajevo by Serbian
terrorist group
• 2. German Militarism
• a. Kaiser Wilhelm backed Austrian
punishment of Serbia with “blank
check” (gobble up Serbia like BosniaHerzegovina) so Austria declares war on
Serbia
• b. Strict adherence to Schlieffen Plan,
other military timetables (Russia could
not partially mobilize; Germany must
invade Belgium, France)
What is Anarchy?
• noun 1. a state of society without government or law.
• 2. political and social disorder due to the absence of
governmental control: The death of the king was followed by a
year of anarchy. Synonyms: lawlessness, disruption, turmoil.
• 3. anarchism ( def 1 ) .
• 4. lack of obedience to an authority; insubordination: the
anarchy of his rebellious teenage years.
• 5. confusion and disorder: Intellectual and moral anarchy
followed his loss of faith. It was impossible to find the book I
was looking for in the anarchy of his bookshelves. Synonyms:
chaos, disruption, turbulence; license; disorganization,
disintegration.
Anarchism
• an·ar·chism
• /ˈænərˌkɪzəm/ Show Spelled [an-er-kizuhm] Show IPA
• noun 1. a doctrine urging the abolition of
government or governmental restraint as the
indispensable condition for full social and
political liberty.
• 2. the methods or practices of anarchists, as
the use of violence to undermine
government.
Journal:
Are anarchist important to society?
anarchist
/ˈænərkɪst/ Show Spelled [an-er-kist] Show IPA
noun 1. a person who advocates or believes in
anarchy or anarchism.
• 2. a person who seeks to overturn by violence all
constituted forms and institutions of society and
government, with no purpose of establishing any
other system of order in the place of that destroyed.
• 3. a person who promotes disorder or excites revolt
against any established rule, law, or custom.
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• Was the assassination of the Archduke Franz
Ferdinand an act of anarchy?
• Chaos brings chaos?
• How do you prevent future chaos?
• Is war necessary?
Canadian Background Info
• Settled by French and British
Explorers in different areas of
Canada
• Canada had loyalties to British
and French
• Quebec- Speaks French
• Part of the British Empire
Canada in WWI Eh?
• 1914
• 3,112 men in the army prior to WWI
• 32,000 men were raised/volunteered after 2
months
• 1918
• 600,000 troops
• Segregation in Canadian Army
• Black and West Indians were Segregated
from whites
Stats of WWI
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690,000 Canadians mobilized
67,000 killed
173,000 wounded
39% casualties of mobilized
troops
Involvement and participation of Canada in the
First World War
• 1) As tensions between Ger and GB increased
(naval race) prior to 1914, GB pressured
Canada to assume larger role in imperial
defense
• 2) Disagreement over Canada’s role
• a. French Canadians disagree with getting
involved in overseas troubles—contribute to
defense of Canada only
• b. English Canadians agree that Canada must
contribute to defense of Crown (also way to
get voice in imperial policy)
3)Canadian Parliament passed Naval Service
Bill of 1910
• a. Created Canadian Navy
• b. If GB went to war, navy come under
control of Royal Navy
• c. Very unpopular, denounced by most
Canadians (especially French)
4)As part of British Empire, Canada entered
war automatically August 1914
5) Parliament passed War Measures Act
a. Gov’t given powers to oversee economy
b. Place men and women in jobs gov’t
deemed critical for war effort
c. Oversee conscription of men
d. Power to restrict civil liberties
• 6) Army: increased from 3,000 to 600,000
by 1918
• 7) Navy: many serve, but mostly in
convoy system to supply GB
• 8) Air force: Canadian pilots supply about
25% Royal Flying Corps
• 9) Home Front—tensions increase
between French and English Canadians
• a. Gov’t under pressure to abandon
bilingual education (francophone v.
Anglophone)
• b. Conservatives felt instruction in
English would bring national unity
• c. Ontario made English official language
of instruction 1916
• d. Quarrel over schools bad enough, but
placed into context of war was major
crisis
• e. Controversy over conscription divides
nation
• f. By 1916 awareness of horrors of trench
warfare, mounting casualties led to
decline in volunteer enlistment
• g. PM Borden refused to reduce troop
commitment
• h. 1917 Parliament passed Military
Service Act allowing for conscription—led
to domestic unrest
• i. French Canadians not inclined to
support war effort
– i.Few allowed to become officers
– ii.English official language of military
– iii.Antidraft riots broke out in Montreal and
Quebec City
• j. Anglophones support British Empire at all
costs
• k. 100,000 drafted, only 25,000 made it
overseas
• 10)Large number exempted mainly for
agriculture or family hardships
• 11)Conclusion: political consequences of
conscription far outweighed benefits of
replenishing depleted military forces
• 12)
Home Front: other issues
• a. Paying for war: Victory Bonds (80%, later
placed country in debt), national income
tax, business capital gains
• b. RRs nationalized
• c. Civil liberties restricted: 8,000 interned
(radicals, German immigrants), foreign
language press suppressed
• d. Women: entered workforce at ½ pay as
men, served as nurses in army, advances
in suffrage issue
• e. Increase in manufacture (clothing,
ships, Halifax disaster)
• f. Agriculture: grain prices increase 50%,
farmers borrow money to increase size of
farm and machinery to replace lost labor
to war. Grain prices drop after war,
economic disaster, rationing scarce
products
Causes, Practices, and Effects
of War
I.Nature of the War
A.Technological developments
1.Rifled breach-loaders v. smoothbore
muzzle-loaders
2.siege artillery (projectiles caused most
deaths)
3.machine guns poison gas/ gas masks
4.Submarines (U-boats)
5.Aircraft (interrupter)
6.HMS Dreadnaught
7.Tanks
8.Planes
A.Strategies and Tactics
1.Strategies
a.German Schlieffen PlAN
Strict adherence to Schlieffen
Plan, other military timetables
(Russia could not partially
mobilize; Germany must invade
Belgium, France)- IMMEDIATE
CAUSE OF WAR
a.French Plan 17
b.British Plan W
c.Russian war plans (part of Plan 17)
1.Tactics
a.Offensive movement (RRs,
forced marches)
b.Defensive trenches (machine
guns, barbed wire)
c.Attempts to break stalemate
1)Human waves
2)Artillery
3)Gas
4)Mines
A.Home front: Economic and
Social Impact somewhat
1.Economic Impact
a.Most combatants thought war would
be over by Christmas and did not
plan for long war
b.As war dragged on, governments
expanded power over
economies(War Industries Board)
c.Free-market capitalism temporarily
suspended
d. Governments established
planned economies revolving
around needs of military
1)Price, wage, and rent
controls(OPA)
2)Rationed food supplies and
materials
3)Regulated imports and exports
4)Took over transportation
systems and industries
• e. What results is concept of total
war—complete mobilization of all of
society’s resources and people
• f. Conscription and military service
increased
• g. Governments see civilians at home
and in factories as just as vital as
soldiers in war effort
• 2. Social Impact
• a. Manipulation of public opinion
• 1) Patriotic enthusiasm wanes due to high
casualties and no victory in sight
• 2) to keep war machines producing,
authoritarian governments used force to
suppress opposition (Ger, A-H, Russ)
• 3) GB Defense of Realm Act (DORA) and US
Espionage (1917) and Sedition Acts (1918).
Could arrest people who spoke against war
as traitors
• 4) Governments relied heavily on war
propaganda to arouse enthusiasm for war
• b. Changing roles for women
• 1) Since governments mobilizing every
available man for combat, women asked to
do jobs of men (chimney sweeps, truck
drivers, farm and factory workers)
• 2) Governments quickly returned these jobs
to men after war
• 3) Women in many countries gained right to
vote (Ger, Aus, US, GB)
• D. Resistance and Revolutionary Movements
• 1. Russian Revolutions of 1917
• a. Background
– 1)Russia unprepared militarily, technologically
for WWI (poor leadership, still using horse-drawn
carts to transport men & material)
– 2)Poor industrial strength led to many
battlefield deaths (1914-1916: 2 million dead, 4
million wounded/captured)
– 3)Problems in royal family (Nicholas, Alexandra,
Alexis, Rasputin)
– 4)By 1917, all classes saw need for change in
government, most want out of war
• Discussion 2/5/13
• Is the gap between the rich and the
poor a problem? Why?
• Do we need to have social classes to
prevent anarchy?
• b. March Revolution
• 1) February government institutes bread
rations in capital city Petrograd
• 2) Worker strikes in Petrograd, Women’s
March protest bread rationing (women in
factories 2x since 1914)
• 3) Tsar orders troops disperse crowd
(violence if necessary)
• 4) Initially troops follow orders, but join in
protests
• 5) Russian Duma met, declared assuming
government responsibility; created
provisional government, tsar abdicates
– The Duma were council assemblies which was
created by the Tsar of Russia. Simply, it is a
form of Russian governmental institution that
was formed during the reign of the last Tsar,
Nicholas II. It is also the term for a council to
early Russian rulers (Boyar Duma), as well as for
city councils in Imperial Russia ('Municipal
dumas'), and city and regional legislative bodies
in the Russian Federation.
• 6) Constitutional Democrats (middleclass, liberal aristocratic minority)
created provisional government
(guaranteed freedom of speech, religion,
assembly, various civil liberties)
• 7) Wanted to keep Russia in war;
workers, peasants want out
• c. November
• 1) Rise of soviets (councils of workers’ and
soldiers’ deputies) in Petrograd, army units,
factory towns, rural areas
• 2) Lenin and Bolsheviks (political party
dedicated to violent revolution to destroy
capitalist system) saw soviets as alternate
power to provisional gov’t
• 3) Was in exile in Switzerland for
revolutionary activity but sent by German
High Command in sealed train to Russia
• 4) “Peace, Land, Bread”; “All power to the
Soviets”
• 5) Lenin gained support of soviets,
especially Petrograd—time was right to take
power
• 6) November 6, 1917 pro-soviet/proBolshevik forces took control of Petrograd,
Provisional Government collapsed
• 7) Lenin created new Communist
government (Council of People’s
Commissars) with consent of all-Russian
Congress of Soviets
• 8) Lenin and new Communist government
withdraw Russia from war w/Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk
• 9) Germany now able to transport troops
from Eastern Front to Western Front
against France, Britain, USA.
• 2. German Revolution of 1918
• a. Sailor’s Mutiny
• 1) 1916 Battle of Jutland largest battle of
modern battleships
• 2) Indecisive results: GB lost more ships, Ger
failed objective and never threat again
• 3) April 1917 US enters war on side of Allies
• 4) Germany to take on last offensive gamble
in summer 1918
• 5) Despite initial gains, offensive loses
momentum as combined forces of GB, FR,
and US too much for Germany
• 6) German defensive lines crumbling
against combined forces, German army
close to collapse
• 7) German naval high command decides to
order final “honorable” suicide mission
against Royal Navy
• 8) German sailors resist, refuse to put to
sea
• 9) Sailors’ mutiny encourages soldiers and
workers to strike, look to socialist parties
for leadership in revolution—want Kaiser to
abdicate
• 10) Kaiser refuses, socialists resign from
Reichstag, call for general strike many
declare soviet republics
• b. Abdication of Kaiser William II
• 1) Military leaders say war cannot be won,
must request armistice
• 2) Kaiser wants army to crush rebels (by
now 11 cities)
• 3) Generals told Kaiser was impossible;
revolutionaries controlled RRs, many
soldiers joining revolutionaries, if told to
fight countrymen would not do so
• 4) Country no longer standing behind him,
Allies would not negotiate peace with
Kaiser; wanted government representing
people
• 5) Only way to end war was get rid of
Kaiser; German Chancellor announced
abdication and handed over power to
leader of SPD
• 6) Socialist leaders from steps of
Reichstag proclaim Socialist Republic,
Kaiser goes into exile in Netherlands
where he lives rest of life
• 7) Representatives of new socialist
government accept Allies’ armistice
terms, ending war on 11:00 November 11,
1918; beginning of “stab in back” theory
(Hitler)
III. Effects and Results
A. Peace Settlements
1. Aims of Allies after war
a. France: protection from another war
with Germany; cash payment for damage in
northeastern France
• b. Great Britain: cash payment in
reparations
• c. United States: Wilson’s Fourteen Points
(national self-determination of peoples,
League of Nations)
• d. All: Buffer between Europe and USSR
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