Transcript Copy of Interwar Period

Interwar Period
Aim: Compare and contrast the
Chinese, Mexican and Russian
Revolutions.
Inter-War Period 1919-1939
1) Great Depression in Industrialized Countries
• (1920-WWII in nation-states that lost WWI)
• (1930-WWII in nation-states that won WWI)
2) Nationalist and Independence Movements
a) China (Kuomintang rule vs Communists)
b) India (Gandhi, Indian National Congress and non-violence)
c) Latin America (Mexican Revolution and the continuation of
caudillos and juntas)
d) Middle East (Mandates and the discovery of oil leads to continuing
imperialism)
e) Southeast Asia (continuation of imperialism leads to Nationalistic
revolts most famously in Vietnam)
Post-War Europe
• Instability
• Spread of
Fascism
Map of Europe after World War I, 1919–1926
3
Europe in 1919
New Nations: Europe
• Ireland
– Michael Collins
– Northern
Ireland
• Division of
Austria-Hungary
1. Austria
2. Hungary
3. Czechoslovakia
4. Yugoslavia
5. Other portions
went to
Romania,
Sinn Fein members in British Parliament, 1918
5
Totalitarianism – total control
over lives by a government
• Communism –
extreme left wing
• Economic and
social equality is
primary goal –
more than family
• USSR, China,
movements in
Central and
• Fascism –
extreme right
wing
• Nation-State is
the primary goal –
more than family
• Italy, Germany,
Spain
Rise of Extremism:
Japan and Russia
Japan – military
dictatorship
• Moved to expand
its empire
• Extend its
influence to
mainland China
(Manchuria)
• Rise of militaristic
extremists
Russia – Communist
dictatorship
• Joseph Stalin
• Modernization
• Repression
Joseph Stalin meets Chairman Mao
7
Fascism
Rise of Extremism: Italy
• Fascist
Party
• Benito
Mussolin
i
Benito Mussolini addresses followers in Colosseum
9
Benito Mussolini – causes of
his popularity - “The trains run
on time”
1- Italian government corrupt
2 - WWI snub – Versailles Treaty
Little territorial gain
3 - Gaps in wealth between North+
South of country
4 - 1922 – Fascist party
Overthrow with March on Rome and puts in
dictatorial powers and eliminates rivals
5 – New efficient government popular
March on Rome [1922] – Fascists come to power
when Italian government can solve virtually none
of the problems – corruption, inflation, etc.
Fascist Youth – propagandist support for
Mussolini
Rise of Extremism: Germany
• Dissatisfaction with
Weimar
government
• Hyperinflation
• Resentment over
terms of the
Versailles Treaty
• National Socialists
(Nazis) – take
power in 1932
• Adolf Hitler –
“Mein Kampf”
Adolf Hitler (x over his head) as a World War I corporal
13
German Military Costs
Deaths – 1,773,000 soldiers
Wounded – 4,216,058 soldiers
Missing / Prisoners – 1,152,800 soldiers
Maimed German WW I Veteran
The German
Mark - INFLATION
The German Mark
The German Government: 1919-1920
The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923
Nazi Party attempt to overthrow Weimar Republic
The Dawes Plan (1924)
Mein Kampf [My Struggle] – basis for Nazi
philosophy – includes Racist Supremacy language
Weimar Germany:
Political Representation
[1920-1933]
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
Communist
Party (KPD)
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
32
14
12
107
230
196
288
102
112
121
122
22
35
23
Other
Parties
German Election Results in 1933
German Unemployment: 1929-1938
Interwar Period
League of Nations Members
Washington Naval Conference
[1921-1922]
U. S.
5
Britain
5
Japan
3
France
1.67
Italy
1.67
The Maginot Line
Locarno Pact: 1925
Austin Chamberlain (Br.)
Aristide
Briand
(Fr.)
Gustave
Stresemann
(Ger.)
 Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and
Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.
 Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing
to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.
Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928
 15 nations committed to outlawing
aggression and war for settling disputes.
 Problem  no way of enforcement.
Kellogg Briand Pact –
Isolationist ideology rules
• January 1929: American
president Calvin Coolidge
signs the Kellogg-Briand Pact
renouncing war, in a session
staged for the news reel
cameras in the White House.
• (Left to right) President
Coolidge, Secretary of State
Frank Billings Kellogg,
Secretary of the Treasury
Andrew Mellon, and Secretary
of State Davis.
• The pact was signed in Paris
on 27th August 1928 and later
ratified in Washington on 15th
July 1929. (Photo by
Keystone/Getty Images)
Causes of the Great Depression
1) Costs of WWI – contraction of European
economies and destruction of property
and loss of lives
a) Hits “losers” of WWI first – 1920s
Germany in severe depression during
Weimar Republic
b) Takes time to spread and hurt “winners”
of WWI (Great Britain and USA by 1929)
Causes of Great Depression
(part 2)
• 2) Unchecked investment but little
production to match it – 1920s saw huge
expansion in stock market (400% increase
in stock market from 1925-1929) –
“Roaring 20s”
• A) “Black Tuesday” – October 24th 1929 –
gains of previous 4 years wiped out in just
weeks
• B) Caused by crisis in confidence and
inflated stock price
Causes of Great Depression
(part 3)
• 3) Large discrepancy in wealth distribution
between Upper and Lower Classes
• A) not “real” prosperity, reduces consumer
demand for goods which hurts the economy,
large amount of “credit” available – then taken
away by Federal Reserve policy in response to
downturn
• B) protectionist policies in many countries ensue
• C) Tax policy helps “Rich” and others pay for it
The Roaring Twenties – In WWI
winning countries like USA
The Great Depression [1929-1941]
Decrease in World Trade: 1929-1932
The “New Napoleons?” – USSR Stalin, Italy
Mussolini, Germany Hitler, and Spain Franco
Cubist Movement
Settler Societies
Zaibatsu
Porfirio Diaz
Pancho Villa
Emiliano Zapata
Soldaderas
Victoriano Huerta
Alvaro Obregon
Lazaro Cardenas
Diego Rivera and
Jose Clemente Orozco
Cristeros
Party of the Industrialized
Revolution (Mexico)
Alexander Keresky
Bolsheviks
Russian Civil War
Leon Trotsky
New Economic Policy
Supreme Soviet
Joseph Stalin
Sun Yet-sen
Yuan Shikai
May Fourth Movement
Li Dazhao
Mao Zedong
Guomindang
Whampoa Military Academy
Chiang Kai-shek
Long March