Transcript Thomas Edison - cloudfront.net

Second Industrial Revolution
1871-1914
Age of Steel
• Steel stronger and more durable than iron
• Bessemer Process - produce steel in
greater quantities, lower cost
• William Siemens - introduced steel
making process, higher quality, lower
costs
• Age of Steel led to revolution in
architecture (skyscrapers) and
shipbuilding
Electricity
• Thomas Edison (American) invented light
bulb in 1879
• First power station in Great Britain, 1881
• Electrical power spread throughout the
continent
• Electric lights and night, tramways to
improve transportation
Transportation
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Rail network expanded
Suez Canal 1869
Clipper Ships
Ice making machines
Karl Benz invents combustible engine
1885
• Ford (American) built first Model T 1903
• Wright brothers launch first airplane 1903
Communication and Education
• Universal public education
• Telegraph invented in 1830
• Telephone invented by Alexander Graham
Bell (American) in 1876
Thomas Edison (American)
• Motion Pictures, 1890
• Phonographs (records) 1876
Science
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Synthetic dyes
Man made fertilizer
Dynamite (Alfred Nobel)
Thermodynamics (James Joule)
X-Rays (William Rontgen)
Radium isolated (Marie Curie)
Quantum Physicist (Max Planck)
Theory of Relativity (Einstein)
Medicine
• Anesthesia in surgery
Louis Pasteur
• Microbes cause disease
• Explained how vaccines work
• Joseph Lister invents disinfectant
• Washing hands prior to delivery of children
Social Class
Age of the Middle Class
• “Le Belle Epoque”
WWI 1914-1918
Causes:
• Alliances
• Militarization
• Nationalism
• Imperialism
War ignited over crisis in the Balkans
WWI 1914-1918
Schlieffen Plan
• Germany invades France through Belgium
• Hoped to knock out France, concentrate
on Russia
• Failed
• Western Front developed into a stalemate
• Trench Warfare
WWI 1914-1918
Industrial Revolution Applied to Battlefield
• Machine guns
• Barbed wire
• Heavy artillery
• Poison gas
• Airplanes
• Submarines
WWI 1914-1918
• Russians face huge losses on Eastern
Front
• Russian Revolution in 1917, Czar
abdicates
• Provisional government remains in War
• Bolshevik Revolution (Communist), led
by Lenin, Russia withdraws from War
WWI 1914-1918
American Entry 1917
• Zimmerman Telegram
• Lusitania
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
WWI 1914-1918
War Ends 1918
• Wilson's 14 Points Plan
Versailles Peace Treaty
• Alsace-Lorraine to France
• Demilitarization of Rhineland
• German military limitations
• War Guilt Clause
• Reparations
• Map of Europe redrawn
• League of Nations
WWI 1914-1918
Cost
• 9 million killed
• 23 million wounded
• $338 billion
• Influenza outbreak, “Spanish Flu” killed 30
million worldwide
Weimar Republic 1919-1933
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Established in Germany after WWI
Huge debts due to war reparations
Hyperinflation
Challenges from the left and the right
Communist Russia
Civil War 1917-1920
• Communist Red Army vs. anti-Communist
“White” forces
• Red Terror - campaign against political
opponents
• War Communism - tight control over
economy
Communist Russia
• After war, Lenin implemented New
Economic Policy
• Major industries owned by government
• Allowed small business to be run by
individuals
Communist Russia
• After Lenin’s death, Stalin took power
• Purged the party of potential rivals, old Bolsheviks, army
officers, any one deemed disloyal
Five Year Plan 1928
• Centralized plan for economic growth
• Nationalized industry
• Collectivization of agriculture
• Resisted by kulaks, wealthy peasants, destroyed crops
and killed animals
• Millions of kulaks killed
• Starvation- 10 million die
• Russia became a major industrial power
Fascism in Italy
• After the war, Italy became a democracy
• Benito Mussolini founded National Fascist
Party
• Paramilitary- Black Shirts
• Used black shirts to intimidate government
• Mussolini named Prime Minister in 1922
consolidated power, re-wrote Constitution
• Il Duce
• Lateran Pact 1929, first time Catholic Church
recognized the Italian State
German Fascism
• Adolf Hitler
• Leader of National Socialist German
Workers Party (Nazi
• attempted to seize power in 1923 (Beer
Hall Putsch)
• Thrown in jail
• Wrote Mien Kampf, outlining extremist
views
German Fascism
• After failed coup, used democratic system
to gain power
• Paramilitary
- Brown Shirts (SA)
- Black Shirts (SS)
• Used to intimidate rivals
German Fascism
• Named Chancellor in 1933
• Used burning of Reichstag as excuse to
consolidate power
• Enabling Act - emergency powers, combined
power of President and Chancellor
- The Fuhrer
• All other political parties banned
• Night of the Long Knives - leaders of SA killed
to satisfy fears of army
German Fascism
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Propaganda
Hitler Youth
Anti-Semitism
Secret Police
Remilitarized Germany
Spanish Civil War 1936-1939
• Revolt against Republic by army leader
Francisco Franco
• Supported by Germany and Italy
• Testing ground for new weapons
- Guernica by Pablo Picasso depicts horror
of modern warfare
• Franco captured Madrid, Spain became a
Fascist nation
Road to WWII 1938-1939
• Germany Invades Austria
- Anschluss 1938
Appeasement
• Hitler demands Sudetenland
• Munich Agreement – “Peace in Our Time
• Hitler invades Czechoslovakia
Road to WWII 1938-1939
German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact 1939
• Germans invade Poland
• Great Britain, France declare war on
Germany
WWII 1939-1945
Blitzkrieg
• Mechanized war: tanks, mobile units
supported by airplanes
• Germany captures Poland, Norway and
Denmark
• Phony war 1939-1940 with France
• France felt secure behind Maginot Line
• German use blitzkrieg tactics, avoid
Maginot line, France falls
WWII 1939-1945
• Miracle of Dunkirk - British and some
French forces escape Germany army
Battle of Britain
• Aerial bombardment of Great Britain
• The Blitz
• R.A.F. aided by radar
• After heavy losses, Germans suspend
bombing
The Holocaust
Nuremberg Laws
• Jews deprived of citizenship
• Star of David
Krisallnacht 1938
• “night of broken glass”
• Jewish homes and businesses destroyed
• 30,000 Jews shipped to concentration camps
Wansee Conference 1942
• Nazi leadership plans “Final Solution” to “Jewish
Question”
The Holocaust
• Jews gathered in Ghettos
• Shipped to concentration camps
• Forced to perform slave labor
• Medical experiments
• Given little food, water
Death Camps
• Systematic murder using poison gas
• 6 million Jews and 7 million undesirables killed
WWII 1939-1945
Hitler Invades Russia 1941
• Operation Barbarossa
• Drive deep into Soviet Union
• German forces reach outskirts of Moscow,
Leningrad and Stalingrad
• Soviet troops began massive
counterattack
• German troops retreat
WWII 1939-1945
• German and Italian forces pushed out of
North Africa 1943
• Battle of El Alemein
• Invasion of Italy
• Italy knocked out of war in 1943
WWII 1939-1945
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D-Day Invasion 1944
Second Front
Allies push toward Berlin
May 1945, Germans surrender
WWII 1939-1945
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50-60 million killed
Majority civilian
Destruction of major cities
Massive displacement
Nuremburg Trials
United Nations