Transcript America in 1800


Essential Question:
 How
did Jefferson & his
“agrarian republicanism” help
forge a new national identity
after the “Revolution of
1800”?
America in 1800:
Society & Economy
Spain
controlled
thewas
most
territory
In 1800,
the USA
a new
& in North
North
America
in 1800
America
withsharing
valuable
citiesAmerica
like Mexico City,
weak nation
North
New
St Louis,
& Los Angeles
with Orleans,
other European
powers
But, Spain’s hold on these
territories was slipping
British
wasthe
sparsely populated, but
Russia Canada
dominated
itsfur
control
over
the fur trade & Great Lakes
trade
in
Alaska
France
ruled
Haiti
&
gained
Louisiana
from
frustrated westward-bound Americans
Spain in 1801 during the Napoleonic Wars
From
1800
to 1810,
the U.S.
had
major
Intense
migration
toStates
the
The
United
in
1800
…and
cities,
like Cincinnati
population
growth;
Grew
trans-Appalachian
West by 2 million people
(after1790
Fallen
which
after
ledTimbers)
to new states
used the Mississippi & Ohio
Ohio Rivers
(1803) for trade
Kentucky
(1792)
Many western settlers were
concerned
that Spain
Tennessee
(1796)
controlled New Orleans
Cotton
quickly
became theindominant
The U.S.
Economy
1800
th century
Southern
crop
of
the
19
By 1810, 84% of
Americans
were
directly entrenched the
Cotton
production
involvedSouth’s
in agriculture
“need” for slaves &
expedited Northern industrialism
The Southern economy
was dominated by rice
& tobacco cultivation
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin
in 1793 allowed for a
cotton boom in the South
By U.S.
1800,economy
Economy
1800
TheThe
Northern
was in
more
diverse
industrialization
than the South,was
butjust
most Americans were
beginning
in cultivating
America livestock & grains
involved in
By 1810, 84% of
Americans were directly
involved in agriculture
Boston, NY, Philadelphia
relied on international trade,
otherwise cities played a
marginal role (only 5% of
Samuel
Slaterlived
designed
cotton-spinning factories
Americans
in cities)
in NE; but most textiles were homemade
Jefferson as
President
Jefferson as President

Jefferson entered office after the
“revolution of 1800” with a clear political
ideology & goals:

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
To reduce size & cost of gov’t & promote
However,
Jefferson would have to
republican
agrarianism
manypolicies
of his (Alien
ideological
To compromise
repeal key Federalist
&
principles
be an
effective
president
Sedition
Acts &toJohn
Adams’
midnight
appointments of key Federalist judges)
To maintain international peace


AllJeffersonian
federal revenue Reforms
was generated
exclusively
taxes
Jefferson’s
priority by
wasshipping
to reduce
the role
of the
national gov’tapproved
& return of
keythe
decisions
But…Jefferson
creation
to the
of states
the Army Corps of Engineers & the
Jefferson
Congress
to
U.S. worked
Militarywith
Academy
at West
Point




Repeal all excise taxes
Reduced the army by 50% & retired most
naval ships
Eliminate all national debt
Did not renew the charter of the BUS (The
bank will die in 1811)
Adams’ Midnight Appointments

Before leaving office, John Adams signed
the Judiciary Act of 1801 creating new
federal courts whichWho
Adams
filled
with loyal
will
become
the
Federalists
greatest Supreme Court


These “midnight appointments”
were ever!
an
chief justice
obvious attempt to fill the courts with partisan
judges
The most important Adams’ appointee was
John Marshall as Chief Justice of Supreme
Court
Federalists
claim
that Marbury’s
denial of his
Adams’
Midnight
Appointments
appointment was a violation Constitution

In 1802, Republicans repealed the
Marbury should only be removed if he
Judiciary Act of 1801 & abolished these
committed a “high crime or misdemeanor”
new federal courts
William Marbury sued to the Supreme Court
because he was denied his appointment
 In Marbury v. Madison (1803), Marshall & the
court ruled against Marbury that Congress
could deny
thisSupreme
appointment
Marshall
& the
Court established

the precedent of Judicial Review: the
Supreme Court has the authority to determine
the constitutionality of Congressional actions
The Louisiana Purchase

In 1801, France gained Louisiana from
Spain & seemed ready to create an empire
in North America


But, the Haitian revolution & cost of European
wars led Napoleon to lose interest in America
In 1803, Jefferson negotiated with France to
buy New Orleans, but Napoleon offered to sell
all of Louisiana for $15 million
The Louisiana Purchase

Jeffersonian contradictions:



The Constitution was vague on which branch
had the authority to purchase new lands
Republicans feared giving the mostly
Jefferson
abandoned
“strict
construction”
to
French
& Spanish
residents
of New
buy
Louisiana
Orleans
authority in a territorial assembly
Jefferson signed the Louisiana Gov’t Act which
denied self-rule to Louisiana residents
The
Louisiana
Purchase
&
The report
from the
Lewis & Clark
Meriwether
Lewis
& William
Clark
were
expedition
reaffirmed
faith
in
the future
the Lewis
& Clark
Expedition
commissioned
to explore
the Louisiana
territory
economic
prosperity
of the U.S.
Left St. Louis in May
1804 & reached the
Pacific in Nov 1805
Goal #1: Determine if the
Missouri River flowed to
the Pacific Ocean
Goal #2:
Collect data on
flora & fauna
Native American Resistance

The Louisiana Purchase increased tensions
with Indians:
Americans rejected coexistence with Indians
 Tecumseh swayed the Shawnee & other tribes
to stop selling land & to avoid contact with
whites
 Jefferson hoped to “civilize” Indians into
yeoman farmers & planned for a vast
reservation west of the Mississippi River

The
Barbary
(1801-1805)
In
1801,
JeffersonWar
dispatched
the U.S. fleet
to “negotiate through…a cannon”
 The North African “Barbary states” demanded
A
successful
naval ships
blockade
ledintothe
peace treaty
tribute
from trade
sailing
& gained America
international respect
Mediterranean
Sea
Jefferson’s
Second Term
Jefferson’s Reelection

Jefferson ended his 1st term as a very
popular president:

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
He maintained internat’l peace with England &
France despite continued denial of neutrality
Reduced taxes for Americans
Doubled the size of the U.S.
In 1804, Jefferson was re-elected as
president & the Republicans took the
majority in Congress
Despite his electoral victory, serious
divisions divided Jefferson’s second
term as president

Division
in
the
Republican
Party
The Jeffersonian & Quid factions
The decline of the Federalists suspended the
became
separate
parties
by
1824
two-party system:
National
Republicans
 Led to Republican
dominance
in national
politics
Jacksonians
became
from 1800-1820
the Democratic
Party were absorbed into
 But…without a clear party to oppose, many
the Whig Party

Republicans began attacking Jefferson’s policies
The Tertium Quids (“nothings”), criticized Jefferson’s
betrayal of strict construction & sacrifice of virtue to
The
“Virginia
Dynasty”
get
results as president
Republicans
(Jefferson,
Madison,
controlled both
Monroe) dominated the
houses of Congress
executive branch

The Yazoo
Controversy
Together
with Marbury
v Madison,
the Supreme Court defined itself as a
Jeffersonlegitimate
endured heavy
criticism
due to
3rd branch
of gov’t
the Yazoo Land Fraud:
The
case
Corrupt GA politicians
sold
35established
million acresan
of
Again,
it’sto the
land
insiders at ridiculously
low
prices
important
precedent:
Marshall
Court Jefferson for allowing
 Quids attacked
Supreme Court can nullify any
defrauded individuals
to keep landsstate
they laws
unconstitutional
bought
 In Fletcher v. Peck (1810), the Supreme Court
allowed purchasers to keep these lands

Lands Associated with the Yazoo Land
Fraud
The Slave Trade


At the Philadelphia Convention, slavery
was tabled until 1808
In Dec 1806, Jefferson urged Congress to
prepare a slave law:
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Southerners furiously argued against any
slavery legislation
Congress passed a law that ended the slave
trade in 1808, but smugglers were to be
turned over to local authorities
A war would be too expensive &
destroy his plans
for a small
gov’t
Renewed
Conflict
Overseas
The
embargo
hurt
The
embargo
did
not
 In 1803, England & France resumed their
the
NE
economy
hurt
England
or
France
war & violated U.S. neutrality rights by
seizing
ships
impressing
American
Exports
fell&from
$108 million
in 1807
sailors: to just $22 million in 1808
 Jefferson refused to declare war on either
Required
huge
gov’t
oversight
&
an
England or France
expensive army to suppress smuggling

In 1807, Jefferson approved a very unpopular
embargo that prohibited U.S. merchants from
trading with England or France
Conclusions

During Jefferson’s two terms:
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The U.S. doubled in size, saw huge population
growth, & experienced western expansion
The role of government shrank
The Jefferson presidency led to a divisive,
politically partisan era
The U.S. grew closer to internat’l war due to
failed attempts at reconciliation with Europe
Discussion Question

Was Jefferson a hypocrite who compromised his
political ideals OR a pragmatic leader who
became more flexible as president?


Examine each of Jefferson’s key decisions & determine
which decisions were hypocritical & which were
pragmatic
How does Jefferson’s presidency compare with
Washington’s?