Transcript War of 1812
War of 1812 People, places, words and other important stuff! JEFFERSON’S PRESIDENCY… *James Madison- secretary of state *Albert Gallatin – secretary of the treasury New republican policies… 1- Lower Military spending *reduced the size of the army to 3,200 troops *navy cut to 7 active ships 2- Get rid of domestic taxes Whiskey rebellion- in 1794 protests after Congress under Hamilton’s suggestion put a tax on American made whiskey. Protesters refused to pay taxes and tarred and feathered the collectors. Washington sent in military troops but the protesters scattered and no battle happened. *Jefferson wanted to end these taxes and close down the agencies set up to collect them. Republican Congress says YES!!! He did keep Hamilton’s Bank of the U.S. Adam’s Midnight Judges… Supreme Court was being set up- so Adams got to appoint many of the first Judges appointed to the bench. Jefferson and other republicans accused him of appointing these judges up to the last minute of his office.. Hence “Midnight Judges” These men were to receive papers telling them of their position- some did not receive them and without their paperwork they couldn’t take their positions. Jefferson told Madison not to hand out paperwork to these late appointed judges to prevent to many “federalist” judges from having lifelong appointments. One of those men was William Marbury. Marbury v. Madison Chief Justice John Marshall (a Federalist) appointed by John Adams surprised everyone when he declared that the court did not have the power to force Congress to give Marbury his papers. People thought that Marshall gave up some Judicial Power when in fact what he did was create… JUDICIAL REVIEW: the power Supreme Court has to declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional (against the constitution) and then such a law is no longer to be in force. He showed objectivity basing his decision not in his party favor but completely based upon the Constitution. The Louisiana Purchase The French got the land from Spain in a secret treaty . Spain was eager to get out of America. Napoleon Bonaparte A French General in 1800- he wanted to rule the WORLD. He wanted to send his troops to America in the land the French had gotten from Spain. Someone got in his way… TOUSSANT L’OUVERTURE, the ruler of the island of Hispaniola, a Colony where enslaved Africans had taken over the colony in 1790. Toussant’s troops held back Napoleon and this defeat kept him out of America. Port of New Orleans Founded by the French in 1718, came under Spanish rule in 1762. City remained Spanish for 40 years before French took it over again. Important TRADE port- farmers, Native Americans, European manufactured goods all use this port. Home to many languages and cultures. Became the focus of Jefferson’s foreign policy. The deal … The French were willing to part with Louisiana for a number of reasons. 1)France was at war against Great Britain, and Napoleon didn’t want to fight US and Great Britain at once. 2)French still had NO troops in Louisiana 3)He didn’t want more land he wanted more money to buy supplies for his army in Europe. 4)Secretly he hoped that in making the deal with US he would be setting up Great Britain for a different enemy in the future. (“I have given England a rival who, sooner or later, will humble her pride.” Napoleon Bonaparte.) U.S. offers to buy the land for $10 million, France wants $15 million. On October 20, 1803 U.S. Senate approves Jefferson’s request and approves the purchase of the Louisiana Territory for $15 million. “Empire of Liberty” Jefferson believes that the Louisiana Purchase, “expanded the empire of liberty,” and that it would provide “a widespread field for the blessings of Freedom.” Size of the United States doubled. The Barbary Pirates North African kingdoms of Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli and Tunis, the Barbary States operated Pirate Fleets. US along with other countries paid them NOT to attack their ships. In 1801 Tripoli upped the price. US was slow to pay so they attacked. Jefferson sent in Marines and mercenaries, they captured a Tripoli town and the attacks stopped. More Trouble on the Water… U.S. struggled during the war French had with Britain to ship goods to either country. Britain passed laws to search any ship that might be carrying weapons to France. France prevented any ships from trading with Britain. Soldiers who wanted to flee the war would hide on merchant ships. Whenever Found the British would force the hiding soldiers back into battle by placing Them on warships. IMPRESSMENT: forcing or pressing someone to fight in the army or navy. US would get caught up by accident often trying to protect soldiers. Chesapeake captain refused to turn over 4 running soldiers so it was attacked. Trade War… Many Americans wanted to go to war because of Great Britain’s violations of U.S.’s neutrality. Others wanted an EMBARGO, Boston Chronicle, “Our trade is our most powerful weapon we have in our defense.” EMBARGO: the banning of trade The EMBARGO Act: Congress passed a law in December of 1807 banning trade With foreign countries. *intended to hurt Britain and France *Actually hurt American merchants who lost money without the ability to trade. Non-Intercourse Act- banned trade with France, Britain and their colonies only. Federalist Party begins to rise again! Jefferson’s popularity decreases. Tecumseh Both U.S. and Britain were trying to gain control of Western land in North America. Many American Indian nations had NOT agreed to a Treaty that gave control of U.S. to control this Western land. Britain wanted land too, but didn’t want to fight America so they gave military aid and support to the American Indian nations in the Northwest Territory. Tecumseh: A Shawnee chief, skilled military leader and brilliant speaker who hoped to unite American Indians from the Northwest territory, the South and Eastern Missouri Valley to stop American settlers.