Transcript Jefferson Becomes President

Jefferson Becomes
President
Chapter 8 Section 1
Monday Motivation!
 Bill
becomes a law
 Tyrannosaurus Debt
The Election of 1800
 The
election of 1800 placed Thomas Jefferson against
Aaron Burr.
Thomas Jefferson
Aaron Burr
 When
the votes were counted, both Jefferson and
Burr were tied with 73 electoral votes.
 Because
of this, the House of Representatives had
to decide who would be the 3rd president of the
United States.
 When
the House of Representatives voted, it still was
a tie until Alexander Hamilton convinced a member
to change their vote from Burr to Jefferson.
 Hamilton
did not like Jefferson; however, he disliked
Burr even more.
Jefferson and the Courts
 Before
Jefferson took office, John Adams
passed the Judiciary Act of 1801.
 The Judiciary Act of 1801 set up regional
courts for the US w/ 16 judges and many
other judicial officials.
 In his last days as president, John Adams
made hundreds of appointments to these
positions and Congress approved them.
 Some
of the appointments were not delivered
when Jefferson took over.
 Jefferson told his Secretary of State, James
Madison, not to send them out. One of these
people was William Marbury.
 Marbury sued and took his case directly to the
Supreme Court.
 Chief Justice John Marshall presided over the
Marbury v. Madison case. He ruled in favor of
Marbury and appointed him as a judge.
 Marbury v. Madison established the principle of
judicial review, which is the Supreme Court’s right to
declare laws unconstitutional.
Western Territory
 Many
farmers used
the Mississippi River
to ship their goods
down river to be
unloaded in New
Orleans. The goods
were then sent by
ship to markets on
the East Coast.
In
1802, Spain suddenly
stopped allowing the US to
use the Mississippi River.
Many people wanted the
US to take New Orleans by
force.
Slide Break
 However,
Jefferson had learned that Spain secretly
gave the Louisiana Territory to France.
 This alarmed Jefferson! France’s leader, Napoleon
Bonaparte, wanted to establish territories in
America.
 Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston
to France to purchase New Orleans and Spanish FL
for $10 million.
 Napoleon
was forced to abandon his
plans for an American empire b/c
Toussaint Louverture lead a revolt against
the French in Santo Domingo.
 Thousands of French troops died in the
revolt.
The Nation Expands
 Due
to the French losses in Santo Domingo, the
French feared that the US would join Britain to join
forces against them.
 Napoleon needed $$ for the war and offered to sell
the US the entire LA Territory.
 Monroe and Livingston were taken off guard b/c of
this.
 They
did not have permission to accept the
offer; however, the deal was too good to
pass up.
 Napoleon
million.
 Jefferson
sold the entire LA Territory for $15
feared that the purchase was not
legal, but he said it was the gov’t power to
make treaties. The Senate approved this.
Hamilton – Burr Feud
 Alexander
Hamilton never trusted Aaron Burr.
 When Burr tried to help NY secede from the Union,
Hamilton accused him of treason.
 Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel. Hamilton shot
at Burr and missed on purpose. However, Burr fired
at Hamilton and killed him. Burr fled to avoid arrest.
The
Coming
of War
Chapter 8 Section 3
Americ
ans in
Foreign
Seas
Americans in Foreign Seas
 The
American merchants sailed to China
to pick up tea and silk and traded furs
and other goods.
 However, sailing in foreign seas was not
w/o danger.
 In the Mediterranean, ships had to be
careful sailing near Tripoli, one of the
Barbary states.
 The
Barbary states demanded that sailors pay $$ to
pass safely through their lands.
 The US paid this $$ too, however, it was not enough.
The ruler of Tripoli asked for more $$.
 Jefferson refused and the ruler of Tripoli took
American merchants as prisoners.
 President Jefferson sent the navy to attack them,
but they were not ½ as good as the Barbary states.
 In the end, Jefferson paid $60,000 for the release of
the Americans.
Freedo
m of
the
Seas
Freedom of the Seas
 Once
again, Britain and France were
fighting a war.
 The US took a neutral stand and traded
w/ both countries. This would last for only
2 yrs.
 Britain started to block the French coast
and searched all ships trading w/ France.
(vice versa)
 The
British navy needed soldiers and
started capturing American ships forcing
the merchants to join the British navy.
 This is known as impressment.
 When the Americans got word of this,
they reacted w/ an anti-British fury not
seen since the Revolutionary War.
 President Jefferson did not like this one bit,
yet he refused to go to war w/ Britain.
Presid
ent
Bans
Trade
President Bans Trade
 Congress
passed the Embargo Act.
 This act banded trade with all other
countries.
 Jefferson hoped this would crush Britain’s
economy and avoid war w/ them.
 The embargo would be a disaster. The US
could not trade w/ other countries and
Britain just got their goods from S.
American countries.
 States







reaction to the Embargo Act:
Ships were stuck in the ports
Unemployment raised
Tobacco rotted
Cotton went unpacked
River traffic halt
Price of wheat declined
Merchants began smuggling goods
 Congress
repelled the Embargo Act and
passed the Nonintercourse Act.
 The Nonintercourse Act only prohibited
trade w/ Britain and France.
 Jefferson left office and James Madison
became the 4th President of the US.
James Madison
Frontie
r
Confli
cts
Madison
had to deal w/ problems in Ohio
Frontier
Conflicts
concerning Native Americans.
 President
 White
settlers were constantly taking land away
from the Native Americans. Over time the settlers
took over 100 million acres of land from the Indians.
 Now, however, the settlers were taking land
guaranteed to Native Americans by treaties.
An
Indian
chief,
Tecumseh, built
a confederacy
among Native
Americans
nations in IN,
OH, and MI.
 The
American Governor,
Gen. William Henry
Harrison, became
alarmed at the strength of
the Indians and warned
them to back down.
 Harrison decided to
attack the Indian
Confederation.
 After a 2 hr battle, Harrison
won in the Battle of
Tippecanoe.
Battle of Tippecanoe
 However,
after the war, the Indians joined
forces w/ the British.
War
Hawks
War Hawks
 President
Madison faced demands to go to war
against Britain from War Hawks.
 War Hawks were congressmen from the S. and W.
who had a strong sense of nationalism. (have pride
in the country)
 The leading War Hawks were Henry Clay and John
Calhoun.
 Clay was elected the Speaker of the House.
 w/ the urging of the War Hawks, Congress declared
war on Britain.
Henry Clay
John C. Calhoun
The
War of
1812
Chapter 8 Section 4
Cana
dian
Camp
aign
 The
Americans believed this would be a short war
lasting no more than 30 days.
 The had hoped to invade Canada and defeat the
British and knew they could not win a naval battle
against Britain.
 The US lead 3 unsuccessful attempts to invade
Canada. They would not be able to invade
Canada as long as Britain control the Lake Erie.
The Canadian Campaign
 After
a bloody battle, the Americans and defeated
the British and took control of Lake Erie.
 With the control of Lake Erie, the Americans started
winning battles on land, evening destroying York
(Toronto).
Oliver
Hazard
Perry
The
British
Offensi
ve
British
finally defeated
Napoleon and was able
The
British
Offensive
 The
to focus on the US.
 The British sent troops to attack Washington D.C.
 President’s Madison wife, Dolly Madison, was still in
the President’s mansion at the time. She refused to
leave until a picture of George Washington was
removed.
Dolly Madison
Portrait of George
Washington
 Once
in Washington, the national capital and the
president’s mansion were burned. After the war, the
mansion was painted white to cover marks
acquired during the torching of the city. It then
became known as the White House.
 President Madison saw the night sky orange from
the fire.
 Fortunately, a violent thunderstorm put out the fires
before they could do more damage.
 This was a sad day in American history.
 Britain
then turned their attention to Baltimore.
However, the Americans were ready for them.
 In Baltimore, the Americans kept the British from
entering the town with a determined defense and
ferocious bombardment from Ft. McHenry.
 Francis Scott Key watched as the bombs bust over
Ft. McHenry and wrote a poem to record what he
saw, “The Star-Spangled Banner.”
Francis Scott
Key
 After
more unsuccessful attempts to
conquer the US, Britain realized it was too
costly and unnecessary to continue the
war.
The
War
Ends
The War Ends
 The
Treaty of Ghent officially ended the
War of 1812.
 Before word of the treaty reached the US,
one final ferocious battled occurred in
New Orleans.
 The Americans were lead by Andrew
Jackson in New Orleans.
 He ordered the troops to hid and shoot
the British from behind bales of cotton.
 About
700 British troops were killed in this
battle.
 The Americans achieved a major victory
in the Battle of New Orleans.
 This battle made Andrew Jackson a major
American hero.
Gen. Andrew
Jackson