Transcript US History Chapter 6 The Origins of American

US History Chapter 6
The Origins of American
Politics
 Section
1:
 Section 2:
 Section 3:
 Section 4:
 Section 5:
Liberty vs. Order in the 1790s
The Election of 1800
The Jefferson Administration
Native American Resistance
The War of 1812
Section 1: Liberty vs. Order
 Americans
became sharply divided in the
1790s over whether order of liberty was
more important.
 Essentially this was an argument between
those called the Federalists & the
Jeffersonian-Republicans over the role of
the federal government in the new nation
Federalists
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Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the
Treasury: had responsibility of organizing the
nation’s economic policy and figuring out a
plan to pay off the new nation’s debts from
the war
Hamilton was a keen supporter of a strong
FEDERAL government
He proposed a complicated plan to help the
economy and strengthen the national
government
A Deal with the South
 1790-Congress
approves Hamilton’s plan
for the national government t to assume
the debts acquired by the states during
the Revolutionary War
 The Southern states did not want to pay
Northern debts but Hamilton struck up a
deal to get them to go along by ensuring
that the nation’s capital would be in the
South
State Debts
 Hamilton’s
plan put the federal
government $75 million dollars into debt
 The federal government holding the debt
made us stronger as a centralized
country.
 Our debts were to foreign lenders who
wanted to get paid back. Therefore they
had an interest in the nation as a whole
not just individual states.
Hamilton’s Strategy
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Hamilton outlined regular payments to
creditors and a specific budget was created
In 1789, Congress created a tariff (tax on
imported goods)
By 1791, the Whiskey Tax was instituted
The money from these went to pay
government officials and debts.
Finances started to get complicated so
Congress created the Bank of the United
States
Jeffersonian-Republicans
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Many did not like Hamilton’s plan, they
thought it gave the federal government too
much power
Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson was
strongly opposed to Hamilton’s plan
Jefferson supported a strict construction of
the Constitution whereas Hamilton supported
a loose interpretation
Jefferson resigned as Secretary of State after
Washington sided with Hamilton on these
issues
Foreign Policy
 Americans
Revolution

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were divided over the French
Federalists opposed it
Jeffersonian-Republicans were in favor of it,
they considered it to be an extension of the
American Revolution
The Whiskey Rebellion
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People in western Pennsylvania began
refusing to the pay the tax on whiskey
Whiskey was one of the ONLY products that
farmers could make out of corn that could
transported to market without spoiling
Washington reacted strongly by assembling a
large army to respond to the rebellion which
dissolved quickly.
This outcome made it clear to the world that
the young nation was committed to enforcing
its laws.
Election of 1796
 Washington
chose not to run for a 3rd term
 John Adams ran as the Federalist
candidate
 Thomas Jefferson ran on the Republican
side
 Adams won 71-68
 Because Jefferson finished 2nd in the race,
he became Vice President under the rules
of the Constitution at this time
Washington says Farewell
 Washington
did not support political
parties and he supported a foreign policy
of neutrality
 “ a system of political parties agitates the
community with ill-founded jealousies and
false alarms; kindles the animosity of one
part against another, and stirs up riot and
insurrection.”

George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796
Section 2
 The
Election of 1800
Foreign relations w/ France
 XYZ
Affair – American officials refused to
take a bribe to see the French foreign
minister, common practice in Europe,
Americans refused
 Eventually, America and France were in
an unofficial naval war
Alien and Sedition Acts
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Alien Act and the Alien Enemies Act gave the
President power to arrest & deport citizens of
other countries living in the U.S.
Naturalization Act increased from 5 years to
14 years the time an applicant had to wait to
become a citizen
Sedition Act – persons who wrote, published
or said anything “false, scandalous, and
malicious against the American government
or its officials could be fined or jailed”
Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions
 James
Madison and Thomas Jefferson
responded to the Federalist-backed Alien
& Sedition Acts with the Virginia and
Kentucky Resolutions
 These were adopted by legislatures of
those two states and argued that the
states had the right to judge whether
federal laws agreed with the Constitution
John Adams runs for President
 Adams
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lost Federalist support when
he made peace with France without
aggression
Peace with France made the JeffersonianRepublicans support of them less of a
rallying point
The highly unpopular Alien and Sedition
Acts seemed less justified now that the
threat of war had faded
The Election of 1800
 Jefferson
won the popular vote but not
the electoral college vote
 Jefferson actually tied with his running
mate (Aaron Burr) with each receiving 73
electoral votes
 Adams had 65 electoral votes
 Under Article II of the Constitution, if two
candidates tied, the House of
Representatives chose the President
1800 Election continued…
 Each
of the 16 States would get one vote
 It was clear that the states would be
deadlocked once again until Alexander
Hamilton gave his support to Thomas
Jefferson
 The House of Representatives finally voted
for Thomas Jefferson as the 3rd President
of the United States
Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion
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African Americans were barred from
participation in the political system that was
emerging
Enslaved African Americans were discussing
liberty all around them and some planned a
rebellion led by a blacksmith, Gabriel Prosser
They intended to take over Richmond, VA
and win their freedom but failed
Prosser and his fellow rebels were executed
Prosser’s Rebellion reminds us that the idea of
freedom was yet to be embraced by all
Section 3
 The
Jefferson Administration
Jefferson
 Main
goal as President was to reduce the
power of the federal government
 To accomplish this he reversed many
federal programs
 He reduced the size of the Army and
government bureaucracy
Marbury v. Madison
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Involved the appointment of William Marbury as
justice of the peace for the District of Columbia
Secretary of State James Madison (under orders
from Jefferson) did not deliver the papers giving
Marbury his authority
Marbury sued Madison so that he could take his
office (he wanted the Supreme Court to make the
order)
The US Supreme Court ruled against Marbury
stating that the Supreme Court did not have the
authority to tell the Executive Branch what to do
Judicial Review
 Precedent
started by Marbury v. Madison
 This case established the Court’s right to
decide whether laws passed were
Constitutional
 It also allowed the Federal courts to
review state laws and state court
decisions to determine their keeping wth
the US Constitution
Westward Expansion
 Jefferson
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passed the Land Act of 1800
Huge supporter of westward expansion
A process by which western territories could
now become states
People were able to buy small parcels of
land on credit
 He
also urged Congress to approve the
$15 million Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon & the French
 Farmers
in West use the Mississippi River to
transport crops
 The French had control of these lands in
the West now & were extracting large
sums of money from traders to use the
river
 Jefferson send Madison to France to buy
the City of New Orleans ($10 million)
The Louisiana Purchase
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Napoleon wanted to sell the French claim in
America known as Louisiana
Monroe, along with the American minister in
France offered $15 million for the entire claim
Jefferson had his doubts but because the
Constitution did not address the purchase of
foreign lands so he encouraged Congress to
approve this deal
The Louisiana Purchase greatly increased the
size of our national debt and the land size of
the United States
Louisiana Purchase
Lewis & Clark
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The Lewis & Clark Expedition began in the
spring of 1804
Congress agreed to finance their exploration
of the Louisiana Purchase lands
Sacajawea, a Shoshone Indian, served as a
guide for them as well as an interpreter
Their journey lasted two years and four
months & provided much information about
the lands of the West
Election of 1804
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Jefferson’s policies were making him popular
He succeeded in lowering taxes, acquiring vast
new territory & allowing the Alien & Sedition Acts
to expire
He had also kept the nation at PEACE
Federalists were ANTI-Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson wins the Presidency by an electoral
vote of 162-14, beating Charles Pinckney by
capturing all but two states
Hamilton and Burr
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Aaron Burr (who was now a Federalist) was
Jefferson’s 1st Vice President but did not run
with him in 1804
Instead he attempted to run for the New York
governorship until Alexander Hamilton urged
his friends in NY not to support Burr and Burr
did not receive the nomination from the
Federalists
Burr was tied with Jefferson in 1800 and
Hamilton supported Jefferson, this was the 2nd
time in Burr’s opinion that Hamilton had
prevented him from political office
The Duel
 Burr
was so furious with Hamilton that he
challenged him to a duel set for July 11,
1804
 Burr mortally wounded Hamilton, the
leader of the Federalist party
 Burr was charged w/ murder and fled to
NY to avoid prosecution
 Eventually Burr tried to invade Mexico &
was tried for treason in 1807
Embargo of 1807
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Very unpopular with Americans
1807 – Great Britain ignored the Jay’s Treaty and
the Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake (21
people died)
In Retaliation, Jefferson chose an economic
weapon to hurt Britain
The Act outlawed almost all trade with foreign
countries
Britain’s trade was too big to be hurt by this and
the French were largely unaffected as well
Therefore this Embargo ruined Jefferson’s 2nd term
because it hurt our economy.
Jefferson ended his 2nd term and retired to his
home, Monticello.
Section 4
 Native
American Resistance
Battle of Fallen Timbers
 Present
day Ohio, new national army
known as the Legion was waging battles
against Native American tribes
 As a result of this battle, the Miami,
Delaware, Shawnee , and other Native
Americans were forced to accept the
Treaty of Grenville (1795)
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Treaty relinquished Native American hold
on the southern two-thirds of Ohio
Native American Reactions
 Little
Turtle, leader of the Miami people
adopted settlers customs in hopes of living
in peace
 Handsome Lake, of the Seneca tribe,
called for the rebirth of Seneca culture
that would blend Native American
customs with those of white Americans
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Handsome Lake later was forced to live on
a reservation
Returning to
Native American Traditions
 Tenskwatawa
– also known as “the
Prophet” called for a return to traditional
native American ways and established a
community called “Prophetstown” in
Indiana
 He adopted an attitude that was warlike
against the United States aided by his
brother, Tecumseh
Battle of Tippecanoe
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Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa opposed treaties
that gave up Native American lands in Indiana to
the white settlers
The brothers met with government officials and
others to protest the tricks the government used to
obtain these lands
The governor, William Henry Harrison agreed at first
but then when Tecumseh was away in Mississippi
recruiting other tribes, Harrison’s men marched
North into Prophetstown.
Tenskwatawa sent warriors to attack Harrison and
his men at the Battle of Tippecanoe
A four hour battle with no clear winner – it
devastated the morale of the Native Americans
Days later, Prophetstown was burned to the
ground
Section 5
 The
War of 1812
War Breaks Out
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Following the Battle of Tippecanoe, attacks
against the white settlers by Native Americans
increased
Most Americans believe that the British are
arming and financing the Native Americans in
their fight
President Madison, in 1812, urged Congress to
declare war against Great Britain
This becomes known was the War of 1812
The Land War
 America’s
army and navy are much
smaller than Britain and the U.S. loses a lot
of battles
 Andrew Jackson sees victory against the
British allies, the Creek Indians in Alabama
 The Creek Indians sign a treaty and give
U.S. lands that are now Alabama &
southern Georgia
 British are nowhere near ready to give up
The Naval War
 American
victories at sea by the crews of
the Constitution (Old Ironsides), the Wasp
and the United States raised the country’s
morale
 Americans lost battles at sea, too.
 The dying order of Captain James
Lawrence of the Chesapeake was “Don’t
give up the ship!”
The Burning of Washington DC
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In 1814, the British Fleet was surprised by the
strength of the American forces that drove
them back over the Canadian border
At the same time – the British invaded
Washington, DC and the White House, the
Capitol & the City were engulfed in flames
As the British moved towards Baltimore,
Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled
Banner and the British were finally forced to
turn back by the Americans
Star Spangled Banner
“and the rocket’s red glare, the bombs
bursting in air – Gave proof through the
night that our flag was still there. O say,
does that Star-spangled Banner yet wave?
O’er the land of the free &
the home of the brave?”
Francis Scott Key
1814
The War of 1812 Ends
 British
and Americans jointly decide that
the war is not what they want
 Treaty of Ghent (Belgium) is signed,
ending war
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December 24, 1814
The United States had now established itself
as an independent nation in the eyes of
European powers
The Battle of New Orleans
 Two
weeks AFTER the Treaty of Ghent was
signed:
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the battle was over in one hour
Most of the shooting was in 1st 20-minutes
Americans ended unhappy war on a
positive and powerful note
Patriotism was restored, the country was
unified and Andrew Jackson was a national
hero
Missouri
 The
1787 Northwest Ordinance stated that
no state northwest of the Ohio River could
be admitted as a slave state
 Missouri was not covered by this law, but
Congress debated about its being
admitted as a slave state for fear of
making the South stronger than the North
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Currently there are 11 Northern & 11
Southern states
The Missouri Compromise
 Signed
into law by Congress in 1820
 Two main points
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(1) slavery not restricted in Missouri, Maine
would be carved out of Massachusetts &
admitted as a “free” state & Missouri as a
“slave” state
(2)northern lands of the Louisiana Purchase
would be closed to slavery