Transcript America`s History Seventh Edition

Presidential Biography
George
Washington
1789-1797
1. What are the various
elements depicted in this
image that dates from
1800?
2. What purpose did an
image like this serve in
the United States in
1800?
3. . All of the elements in
this image served as
symbols of America in
1800. Which of these
lasted as iconic symbols
of America over time,
and which fell out of
favor?
I. The Political Crisis of the 1790s
A. The Federalists Implement the Constitution
1. Devising the New Government
a) Washington received the highest number of votes from the
electoral college and was elected president in 1788
b) John Adams was elected vice president
c) Washington insisted that only the president had the right to
remove appointed government officials.
d) He appointed a cabinet: T. Jefferson (head of Dept. of State),
A. Hamilton (head of Treasury Dept.), and H. Knox (Sec. of
War).
e) Judiciary Act of 1789 established a federal district court in
each state with three circuit courts to hear appeals
f) Supreme Court would have final judicial say.
I. The Political Crisis of the 1790s
B. Hamilton’s Financial Program
1. Public Credit: Redemption and Assumption
a) Was extremely controversial because it would create
a permanent national debt
b) suggested that Congress redeem at face value the
$55 million in Confederation securities held by
foreign and domestic investors to create good credit
c) critics said this policy would unfairly increase the
profits of speculators
d) Hamilton wanted to improve public credit by having
the national government assume the war debt of the
states.
2. Creating a National Bank
a) (December 1790) Hamilton argued that a
national bank would be jointly owned by private
stockholders and the national government
b) bank would make loans to merchants, handle
government funds, and issue bills of credit
c) Jefferson and Madison opposed a national
bank (preferred a strict interpretation of
Constitution) on the grounds that the
government did not have the right/power to
create such an institution.
3. Raising Revenue Through
Tariffs
a) Hamilton’s “Report on Manufactures”
(December 1791)
b) urged the expansion of American
manufacturing
c) called for Congress to impose excise taxes to
pay the interest on the national debt
d) advocated moderate revenue tariffs and not
protective tariffs.
I. The Political Crisis of the 1790s
C. Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision
1. Southern planters and western farmers
a) By 1793, the Federalists had split over Hamilton’s financial
plans for the nation
b) southern Federalists supported Jefferson and Madison (called
themselves Democratic Republicans or simply Republicans),
while northerners supported Hamilton (Federalists)
c) Jefferson argued that the wage-labor of the North could not
sustain a republican nation
d) therefore, he focused instead on yeoman farmers and their
families, whose work he argued could support the nation as
well as European countries.
e) The French Revolution’s disruption of European farming lent
credibility to Jefferson’s ideas.
I. The Political Crisis of the 1790s
D. The French Revolution Divides Americans
1. Ideological Politics
a) Americans made large profits from the French Revolution
but argued over the ideologies that led to the revolution
b) some Americans supported the Jacobin ideas of social
egalitarian/democratic society
c) Americans with strong Christian beliefs disliked the
Jacobins closing the churches and feared a similar social
rebellion in the U.S.
d) still other Americans were critical of the revolution’s
bloodshed.
e) In 1794, western Pennsylvania farmers mounted the
Whiskey Rebellion to protest Hamilton’s excise tax on
alcohol.
2. Jay’s Treaty
a) Disagreements between the British and
Americans over shipments to France led to
Jay’s Treaty (1793/1794), accepting Britain’s
right to stop neutral ships
b) in return, Americans could make claims to the
British for illegal seizures and required the
British to remove their troops and Indian
agents from the Northwest Territory
c) was seen as a decidedly pro-British treaty.
3. The Haitian Revolution
a)Saint-Domingue was a French plantation colony in the West
Indies; elite planters ruled a population of 40,000 free whites
b)some 28,000 free blacks were excluded from white privileges
c)a half million black slaves worked the sugar plantations
d)French Revolution intensified conflicts on the island and
inspired a massive slave uprising that aimed to abolish slavery.
e)Toussaint L’Ouverture seized control of the country and in 1803
proclaimed the independent nation of Haiti, the Atlantic World’s
first black republic.
f) Haitian refugees flood into the U.S.; American slaveholders
feared contagion of slave revolution; many Americans saw Haiti
as a perversion of the republican ideal.
Presidential Biography
John
Adams
1797-1801
I. The Political Crisis of the 1790s
E. The Rise of Political Parties
1. Public interest
a) Many Americans believed organized political parties
were dangerous because they feared that they did
not serve the public interest
b) debate over Hamilton’s financial policies led to further
divide among politicians.
c) By the 1796 election, the two groups were holding
public festivals and processions to celebrate their
perspectives and candidates
d) Adams was elected president; maritime disputes with
the British erupted in the XYZ Affair.
2. The Naturalization, Alien, and Sedition
Acts of 1798
a) Federalists took a hard line against Republic critics
b) they passed Naturalization Act (lengthened residency requirement
for American citizenship from five to fourteen years), Alien Act
(authorized deportation of foreigners), and Sedition Act (prohibited
publication of insults or attacks on president or members of
Congress), which limited individual rights and threatened the
fledgling party system
c) Federalist prosecutors arrested many Republican newspapers
editors and politicians and jailed some of them
d) resulting constitutional crisis led Kentucky and Virginia legislatures
to declare Alien and Sedition Acts to be “unauthoritative, void, and
of no force”
e) the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions set forth a states’ rights
interpretation of the Constitution, asserting that the states had a
“right to judge” the legitimacy of national laws.
3. The “Revolution of 1800”
a) The presidential election of 1800 was an intense
partisan contest
b) Federalists attacked Jefferson as an irresponsible
radical
c) election was contested, but Federalist Hamilton
supported Jefferson, leading in new Republican
era
d) bloodless transfer of power showed that
popularly elected governments could be changed
in an orderly way, even in times of bitter partisan
conflict.
II. A Republican Empire Is Born
A. Sham Treaties and Indian Lands
1. The Treaty of Greenville
a)
b)
c)
d)
Disagreements continued in the West; government asserted control over
trans-Appalachian west, arguing that the natives who lived there were
“conquered”; Indians disagreed because they had not signed the Treaty of
Paris
native peoples were forced to cede huge tracts of land in New York and
Pennsylvania; land speculators used liquor and bribes to take additional
land
conflict arose between allying native groups, white settlers, and the U.S.
Army.
The Treaty of Greenville ceded most of Ohio to U.S. and started a wave of
migration from the east; by 1805, Ohio was a new state with more than
100,000 people.
2. Assimilation Rejected
a) To prevent conflict, U.S. government encouraged assimilation to
white culture; some converted to Christianity but kept their cultural
practices.
II. A Republican Empire Is Born
B. Migration and the Changing Farm Economy
1. Southern Migrants
a)
b)
Two “streams”: 1) white tenants and yeomen farmers flocked into Kentucky
and Tennessee, then later into Ohio, Indiana, Illinois
2) southern planters and slaves from the Carolinas moved toward Gulf of
Mexico (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana) to plant cotton.
2. Exodus from New England
a) Left New England for NH, VT, ME, NY in search of land for
their children.
3. Innovation on Eastern Farms
a) In the North, farmers switched from grain to potatoes; bought
farm equipment
b) began to adopt year-round farming schedules; worked harder
and longer
c) improved standard of living.
Presidential Biography
Thomas
Jefferson
1801-09
II. A Republican Empire Is Born
C. The Jefferson Presidency
1. Policies
a) Jefferson’s presidency began the “Virginia Dynasty”
of Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe (1801–1825)
b) all three actively supported westward expansion
c) Jefferson reduced the size of the permanent army.
2. Marbury v. Madison
a) 1803 Supreme Court decision.
b) The Supreme Court did not have the constitutional
power to enforce legislation but did have the power to
review legislation and interpret the Constitution.
II. A Republican Empire is Born
D. Jefferson and the West
1. The Louisiana Purchase
a) Jefferson wanted it to be easier for farm families to
acquire land in the West
b) in 1801, Napoleon signed a secret treaty with Spain
that regained Louisiana for France
c) coupled with revolt in Haiti against French rule,
Jefferson began to fear relationship with France
d) made efforts to purchase New Orleans (ultimately all
of Louisiana)
e) Jefferson believed this would force Indian population
further west.
2. Secessionist Schemes
a) Some New England Federalists considered
leaving the Union after Louisiana Purchase to
form a confederacy of northeastern states,
supported by Vice President Aaron Burr
b) Hamilton accused Burr of planning to destroy
the Union
c) a duel occurred between the men and
Hamilton was killed
d) Burr was later acquitted of treason.
3. Lewis and Clark Meet the
Mandans and Sioux
a) In 1804, Jefferson sent his secretary
Meriwether Lewis and army officer William
Clark to explore the Louisiana region
b) came into contact with Mandan and Sioux
peoples
c) continued traveling further (1,300 miles) into
unknown territories
d) gave to Jefferson the first maps of the immense
western wilderness and a detailed account of
its resources and inhabitants.
Presidential Biography
James
Madison
1809-1817
III. The War of 1812 and the Transformation
of Politics
A. Conflict in the Atlantic and the West
1. The Embargo of 1807
a) Napoleonic War in Europe and the Atlantic eventually
brought Americans into the conflict
b) the British navy impressed Americans into service
from merchant ships
c) Embargo Act of 1807 kept American ships from
leaving ports until the French and British restrictions
had been lifted
d) American economy weakened
e) Madison was elected in 1808 and continued to
restrict American trade.
2. Western War Hawks
a) Republicans from the West blamed Britain
b) Shawnee war chief Tecumseh rebuilt the Western
Confederacy (Indians) and mobilized his people
(and others) for war
c) violence broke out between native peoples and
white Americans
d) British aided Indians
e) war broke out between U.S. and Britain in June
1812, with U.S. arguing that Britain had violated the
nation’s commercial rights.
III. The War of 1812 and the Transformation
B. The War of 1812 of Politics
1.
a)
b)
c)
Federalists Oppose the War
U.S. invasion of British Canada failed
U.S. stayed on the offensive in the West
in East, New England Federalists opposed the war
completely and prohibited invasion of Canada; in the
North, war went poorly
d) in the Southwest, Andrew Jackson (slaveholding
planter) and a force of Tennessee militiamen
successfully defeated the British and Spanishsupported Indians
e) New Englanders continued to oppose the war.
2. Peace Overtures and a Final
Victory
a) War cost the U.S. $88 million and increased the
national debt to $127 million
b) by 1815, Britain called for peace
c) the Treaty of Ghent (1814) put borders back to
prewar
d) Andrew Jackson’s victory of British forces in the
Battle of New Orleans occurred before news of
peace treaty reached him
e) battle lifted American morale and made Jackson a
national hero.
Presidential Biography
James
Monroe
1817-1825
III. The War of 1812 and the Transformation
of Politics
C. The Federalist Legacy
1. Marshall’s Federalist Law
a) John Marshall, Supreme Court Chief Justice
b) three main principles influenced Marshall’s thinking:
1) judicial authority, 2) supremacy of natural law,
and 3) traditional property rights.
2. Asserting National Supremacy
a) Dominance of national over state statutes was again
was asserted by the Marshall Court.
3. Upholding Vested Property Rights
a) Fearing “tyranny of the majority,” Marshall advocated
protecting the property rights of the individual.
4. The Diplomacy of John
Quincy Adams
a) Citizens and political leaders
embraced the Republican
Party
b) John Quincy Adams was a
member of the Republican
Party before the War of 1812
and had negotiated the
Treaty of Ghent
c) brilliantly served two terms
as Secretary of State under
President Monroe.
5. Monroe Doctrine
a) John Quincy Adams was
the architect of the
doctrine, which stated the
Americas were no longer
open for colonization from
European powers and
pledged that the U.S.
would not “interfere in the
internal concerns” of
European nations.