Transcript Ch 4 Notes

CHAPTER 4: FEDERALISTS AND
REPUBLICANS
Lesson 1: Washington and Congress
CREATING A NEW GOVERNMENT:
April 6, 1789: George Washington became the 1st
President of the United States.
 Reluctant: “The event which I have long
dreaded.”
 Washington and the newly elected Congress had
the task of shaping the new government.
 The 1st task was to select a group of advisors to
the President. This is called the Cabinet.

THE CABINET:
1789: Congress created the Department of State,
Department of Treasury, Department of War,
and the Office of Attorney General.
 Thomas Jefferson was Secretary of State,
Alexander Hamilton was Head of the Treasury,
General Henry Knox was Secretary of War, and
Edmund Randolph was Attorney General.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COURT SYSTEM:
Judiciary Act of 1789: Congress established 13
district courts, 3 courts of appeal, and the
Supreme Court.
 John Jay became the 1st Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court.

FINANCING THE NEW GOVERNMENT:
James Madison: Felt that the government should
raise money by taxing imports from other
countries.
 Tariff of 1789: Made all importers pay %5 on the
value of their cargo and required shippers to pay
a tax on what they carried.
 Many Southern Planters felt that the national
government didn’t have their best interest in
their region.

Alexander Hamilton: Supported the tariff but felt
that the government needed the ability to borrow
money.
 He wanted the national government to assume
all debts at full value that were left from the
American Revolution.
 Madison felt that this plan hurt farmers and
veterans who sold their bonds to speculators.

DEAL
July 1790: Hamilton, Madison, and Jefferson
struck a deal.
 Southern Congressmen agreed to accept
Hamilton’s plan with 1 clause.
 Relocation of the Capital: Moved from NYC to a
section along the Potomac River. Eventually
Washington DC.
 Moving the capital would offset the power of the
northern states.

BANK OF THE UNITED STATES:
Hamilton asked Congress to create a National
Bank.
 He believed that it was necessary to collect taxes,
regulate trade, and provide for the common
defense.
 Bank would also give loans to individuals and
issue paper money.

Madison felt that Congress could not establish a
bank because it was not specifically listed in the
Constitution. This is what is called enumerated
powers.
 1791: Bank of America was passed after
Hamilton argued that the “necessary and proper”
clause of the Constitution created implied
powers.
 Implied Powers: Not specifically listed in the
Constitution.
 Bank was given a 20 year charter.

WHISKEY REBELLION:
1791: To make money, Hamilton proposed a tax
on whiskey.
 Congress passed the tax which angered many
farmers because it was a direct tax on the people.
 Western Region: Whiskey was used as currency
on the frontier.
 1791 to 1794: Farmers continued to complain
about the tax.

Summer 1794: PA farmers terrorized tax
collectors, stopped court proceedings, robbed
mail, and destroyed the stills of those who paid
taxes.
 August 1794: Washington sent 15,000 troops to
stop rebellion.
 The use of troops against citizens worried many
Americans.
 The huge army caused the rebels to disperse
without o fight.

RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES:

1.
2.
During the Washington Administration, the
debate over financial programs split the Congress
into two factions.
Federalists
Democratic - Republicans
FEDERALISTS:
Led by Alexander Hamilton and his supporters
[Adams was a Federalist President].
 Favored a strong central government.
 The distrust of the common people led them to
believe that power should be put in the hands of
the “rich, well born, and able.”
 Manufacturing and trade were the basis of
wealth and power.
 They were in favor of a loose interpretation of
the Constitution.

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS:
Madison was the leader in Congress, but
Jefferson emerged as the national leader of the
party.
 They believed that the strength of the nation was
with independent farmers.
 Favored agriculture over trade/commerce
[Agrarianism].
 Jefferson: Owning the land made people
independent. If people owned land, they would
fight to preserve the Union.
 Strict interpretation of the Constitution.
 They believed that the wealthy would corrupt the
government and eliminate individual rights.

LESSON 2: PARTISAN POLITICS
Chapter 4
WASHINGTON’S FOREIGN POLICY:
Following his inauguration, the French
Revolution began.
 Federalists opposed the revolution because of the
violence [Reign of Terror].
 Republicans supported it because of the fight for
liberty and freedom [American Revolution].
 1793: France declared war against Great Britain
 April 22, 1793: Washington issued a
proclamation stating that the U.S. would remain
“friendly and impartial” to both nations.

JAY’S TREATY:
British navy began intercepting American ships
headed to France.
 To avoid war, Washington sent John Jay to GB to
find a solution.
 Treaty allowed British ships to intercept U.S.
ships headed to French ports.
 GB agreed to give the U.S. most favored trading
status which meant that U.S. merchants
wouldn’t be discriminated against when trading
with Britain.
 Treaty prevented war and protected U.S.
merchants.

PINCKNEY’S TREATY:
1795: Spain joined with France in war against
the British.
 Spain was worried that the U.S. would ally itself
with GB and attempt to take over its North
American territories.
 Treaty of San Lorenzo [Pinckney’s Treaty]: Gave
the U.S. the right to navigate the Mississippi
River and the use the port of New Orleans.
 Western farmers were happy with treaty.

WESTWARD EXPANSION:
By 1790 the land west of the Appalachians began
to grow.
 Americans moved to the area because of fertile
soil, abundant land, wide rivers, and a variety of
game.
 The increase of white settlers led to tension with
the natives.

DISPUTES WITH NATIVES:
Battle of Fallen Timbers [Aug 1794]: Natives
attacked General Anthony Wayne’s troops near
Toledo, Ohio.
 Wayne’s forces inflicted heavy loses to natives.
 August 1795: Treaty of Greenville: 12 native
tribes gave up parts of Ohio and Indiana in
exchange for yearly payments of $10,000 from
U.S. government.
 Significance: Larger flow of Americans into the
region [1803: Ohio becomes a state].

WASHINGTON LEAVES OFFICE:
Washington retires from office after being
irritated by party politics and attacks on his
character.
 He sets the standard of the two term limit.
 Farwell Address: He gives three pieces of advice.
1.
Avoid Sectionalism: dividing the country
geographically.
2.
Be wary of political parties.
3.
Avoid foreign entanglements [Europe].

ELECTION OF 1796:
This was the 1st openly contested Presidential
Election.
 Federalists: Supported John Adams [MA].
 Republicans: Supported Thomas Jefferson [VA].
 In a close Electoral Vote, Adams wins by a vote of
71 to 68.
 Jefferson will become Vice President.

ADAMS’S POLITICAL PROBLEMS:
He will encounter both domestic [Home] and
foreign problems.
 Quasi War [Late 1790’s]: War at sea with the
French where both nations seized each others
ships [Not an official war].
 XYZ Affair: French attempt to bribe American
diplomats sent to negotiate peace between both
nations.
 Convention of 1800: US gave up claims against
the French for damaging U.S. ships, and France
released the U.S. from the Treaty of 1778.






1798: Alien and Sedition Acts were passed. 4 parts.
The first three were aimed at aliens [people living in
U.S. who were not citizens]. Laws stated that aliens
couldn’t be citizens for 14 years and gave the
President the power to deport any dangerous alien.
4th Part: Prevented sedition which made it illegal to
say or print any false or scandalous responses against
the government.
Virginia Resolution: Created Interposition: If the
Federal Government did something unconstitutional,
the states could interpose and stop the illegal action.
Kentucky Resolution: Created Nullification: Theory
claims that if the Federal Government passed an
unconstitutional law, the states had the right to
nullify the law.
ELECTION OF 1800:
Election was closely contested and revealed a
flaw in the system.
 Adams hoped to win reelection but his
administration suffered too many setbacks.
 Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr[VP candidate]
ended up with 73 electoral votes each.
 Constitution states that the House of
Representatives would then decide.
 Alexander Hamilton urged his followers to
support Jefferson.
 February 1801: Jefferson won the Presidency by
one vote becoming the 3rd President of the United
States.

LESSON 3: JEFFERSON IN
OFFICE
Chapter 4
JEFFERSON TAKES OFFICE:
Jefferson felt that Washington and Adams acted
too much like royalty.
 He developed a less formal style as President
(Rode horses not carriages, Entertained at the
White House).
 He tried to integrate Republican ideals into
Federalist policies.
 He began paying off the National Debt, cut
government spending, and did away with the
Whiskey Tax.

RISE OF SUPREME COURT:
Judiciary Act of 1801: Passed by Adams right
before he leaves office (Last minute).
 Act created 16 new Federal Judges (All
Federalists).
 Jefferson and Congress will repeal the act, doing
away with the “Midnight Judges”.
 John Marshall: Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court for 34 years who made the court a powerful
independent branch of government.


Marbury v. Madison: Supreme Court decision
that strengthened the power of the Supreme
Court.


Found a section of the Judiciary Act of 1789
unconstitutional.
Judicial Review: Gave the SC the power to decide
whether laws passed by Congress were
Constitutional and to strike down laws that were
not.
LOUISIANA PURCHASE:
Jefferson supported westward expansion
(Believed all Americans should own land).
 1800: Napoleon Bonaparte (France) convinced
Spain to give Louisiana back to France.
 Jefferson was worried about control of the
Mississippi.
 1801: Jefferson orders Robert Livingston to block
the deal and negotiate with France.

1801 – 1803: Negotiations were ineffective.
 1803: Napoleon is in search of $$$ to fund his
war. He will offer Territory to the U.S.
 Jefferson is unsure about the legality of
purchasing land (It is not listed in Constitution).
 April 30, 1803: United States purchased
Louisiana from France for $15 million.
 The purchase doubled the size of the nation and
opened territory west of the Mississippi.
 Problem: Little was known about the territory
(Land, People, and Resources).

LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION:
Even before the purchase, Jefferson convinced
Congress to fund a trip into the territory.
 Hopes: Find a Northwest Passage.
 February 1803: Congress Approved the
expedition.
 Party was led by Meriwether Lewis and William
Clark.

May 4, 1804: The Corps of Discovery headed up
the Missouri River.
 Sacagawea (Shoshone Indian) joined up with the
group and served as an interpreter and guide.
 Goal: Get a better understanding of the territory.
 Results: Increased our knowledge of the west and
gave the U.S. a land claim called Oregon
Territory.

WESTERN EXPLORATION:
1805: Zebulon Pike explored much of the upper
Mississippi, Arkansas, and Colorado Rivers.
 Gave the 1st detailed description of the Great
Plains and the Rocky Mountains.

ESSEX JUNTO:
While the south and west were gaining political
strength, many NE Federalists felt their region
was loosing influence.
 Some Federalists wanted NE to leave the Union.
 They attempted to convince Aaron Burr (Vice
President) to run for Governor of NY.
 Outcome: July 11, 1804: Alexander Hamilton
publicly criticized Burr.
 Results: Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel.
Hamilton refuses to shoot and is killed by Burr.
 1807: Burr accused of plotting to create a new
country in Western United States.

INTERNATIONAL TENSION:
Jefferson focused on keeping us out of war with
France and GB.
 Policy of Impressment: British policy which made
kidnapping legal and forced military service on
sailors who were captured.
 1807: The British warship Leopard stopped the
U.S. Chesapeake to search for British deserters.
 Chesapeake refused and 3 Americans were killed.
 Reaction: Jefferson placed a trade embargo on
Europe (Hurt the U.S.).

LESSON 4: THE WAR OF 1812
Chapter 4
DECISION FOR WAR:
1808: Presidential candidate James Madison
defeated Charles Pinckney becoming the 4th
President.
 He took office in the midst of international
tension with Great Britain.

ECONOMIC PRESSURES:
Madison wanted to avoid war with Europe.
 Problems with trade caused tension
(Impressment).
 Non Intercourse Act: Passed by Congress, it
banned trade with France and England and gave
Madison authority to open trade with whichever
country removed restrictions first.

Macon’s Bill Number Two: Stated that if either
nation dropped the trade restrictions on U.S.,
then we would stop importing goods from the
other nation.
 France: Napoleon lifts U.S. restrictions.
 1811: U.S. placed a Non Importation Act on GB.
 June 1812: GB ended all restrictions on
American Trade.

DECLARATION OF WAR:
June 1812: Congress contemplates war.
 War Hawks: Nickname for those that favored
war with GB.
 Why: (2 Reasons):
1.
They felt that trade restriction hurt farmers
and planters.
2.
They blamed GB with clashes between Western
settlers and Native Americans.

NATIVE DISPUTES:
Tecumseh: Leader of the Shawnee who wants
tribes to unite to protect their lands.
 William Henry Harrison: Governor of Indiana
Territory who will use force against Tecumseh.
 Battle of Tippecanoe: Clash between settlers and
natives with no clear victor, but it shattered
natives confidence.
 Results:
1.
Tecumseh and other natives fled to British
Canada.
2.
June 1812: Madison asks Congress to declare
war against GB (Northeast was against the
war).

INVASION OF CANADA:
June 1812: The U.S. was not ready to fight.
Fewer than 7,000 troops, 16 Naval ships, and
little supplies.
 NY and NE citizens referred to the war as “Mr.
Madison’s War.
 NE bankers refused to loan money to the
government (National Banks charter ran out ,
1811).

EARLY FIGHTING:
U.S. military leaders planned to attack Canada
from 3 directions (Detroit, Niagara Falls, and up
the Hudson River).
 All 3 attacks failed.
 September 1813: Commander Oliver Perry
secretly arranged for the construction of an
American fleet on Lake Erie.
 The fleet was victorious giving the U.S. control of
Lake Erie.
 U.S. was not able to follow up on the victory.
 Late 1813: U.S. had not conquered an British
Territory.

WAR ENDS:
1814: GB’s war with France ends and they could
now focus on War of 1812.
 British Strategy (3 Parts):
1.
Attack U.S. cities along the coast.
2.
Capture NYC and cut off NE from the rest of
the country.
3.
Seize New Orleans and control the Mississippi
River.

BRITISH ATTACK:
Aug 1814: British land near Washington.
 They captured the U.S. capital with little
resistance and burn both the White House and
the Capital (Madison fled).
 September 1814: British try but fail to capture
Baltimore. Fort McHenry attacked, Francis Scott
Key writes the Star Spangled Banner.

AMERICAN VICTORIES:
Battle of Lake Champlain (Sept 1814): American naval
forces defeat the British. 15,000 troops retreated to
Montreal.
 Battle of New Orleans (Jan 1815): Decisive U.S. victory
which makes General Andrew Jackson a national hero
(Fought after peace treaty).
 After the battle, strong feeling of patriotism swept the
nation (Downfall of the Federalists).
 Treaty of Ghent: Signed on Dec 24th 1814, it officially ended
the war.
 Results:
1.
Restored prewar boundaries (no territory exchanged).
2.
Increased the nations prestige (Stood with British forces
again).
3.
Generated national unity and patriotic feelings.
