Transcript Jefferson as President

Essential Question:
– How did Jefferson & his
“agrarian republicanism” help
forge a new national identity
after the “Revolution of 1800”?
America in 1800:
Society & Economy
Spain
controlled
the
most
territory
in North
In 1800,
the USA
was
a new
North
America
in&1800
America
withsharing
valuable
citiesAmerica
like Mexico City,
weak nation
North
New
St Louis,
& Los Angeles
with Orleans,
other European
powers
But, Spain’s hold on these
territories was slipping
British
wasthe
sparsely populated, but
Russia Canada
dominated
itsfur
control
over
the fur trade & Great Lakes
trade
in
Alaska
France
ruled
Haiti
&
gained
Louisiana
from
frustrated westward-bound Americans
Spain in 1801 during the Napoleonic Wars
From The
1800
to 1810,
the
U.S.in
had1800
major
Intense
migration
to
the
United
States
…and
cities,
like
Cincinnati
population
growth;
Grew
by
2
million
people
trans-Appalachian
West
which used the Mississippi
after
to new
&1790
Ohioled
Rivers
for states
trade
Ohio (1803)
Kentucky
(1792)
Many western settlers were
concerned
that Spain
Tennessee
(1796)
controlled New Orleans
Cotton
became the dominant
Thequickly
U.S. Economy
in
1800
th century
Southern
crop
of
the
19
By 1810, 84% of
Americans
were
directly entrenched the
Cotton
production
involvedSouth’s
in agriculture
“need” for slaves &
expedited Northern industrialism
The Southern economy
was dominated by rice
& tobacco cultivation
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin
in 1793 allowed for a
cotton boom in the South
By
1800,
The
U.S.
Economy
in 1800
The Northern
economy
was more
diverse
industrialization
than the South,was
butjust
most Americans were
beginning
in cultivating
America livestock & grains
involved in
By 1810, 84% of
Americans were directly
involved in agriculture
Boston, NY, Philadelphia
relied on international trade,
otherwise cities played a
marginal role (only 5% of
Samuel
Slaterlived
designed
cotton-spinning factories
Americans
in cities)
in NE; but far more textiles were homemade
Jefferson as President
Jefferson as President
Jefferson entered office after the
“revolution of 1800” with a clear
political ideology & with goals:
However,
have
to &
– To
reduceJefferson
size & would
cost of
gov’t
compromise
many
of
his
ideological
promote
republican
agrarianism
principles to be an effective president
– To repeal key Federalist policies
(Alien & Sedition Acts & John
Adams’ midnight appointments)
– To maintain international peace
The Silent Revolution
 At a time in world history when changes in
political power were often accompanied by
bloody revolutions, the election of 1800 is
significant because the main power of the
US government, the presidency, was
shifted from the Federalist party to the
Republican party with no violence and/or
protests involved
– Jefferson realized this significance and
in his inaugural address he stated that
“we are all Republicans, we are all
Federalists”
Jeffersonian Reforms
Jefferson’s priority was to reduce
the
role of theapproved
national
&
But…Jefferson
of gov’t
the creation
of the Army
Corps of Engineers
& the
return
key decisions
to the states
US Military Academy at West Point
– Repealed all excise taxes on
Americans & relied on shipping
taxes to generate revenue
– Slashed military spending,
reduced the army by 50%, &
retired most naval ships
– Eliminated all national debt
Adams’ Midnight Appointments
Before leaving office, John Adams
signed the Judiciary Act of 1801
which created
new
circuit
Who will
become
the courts
filled with
loyalSupreme
Federalists:
greatest
Court
chief justice
ever!
– These “midnight
appointments”
were an obvious attempt to fill
the courts with partisan judges
– The most important Adams’
appointee was John Marshall as
Chief Justice of Supreme Court
FederalistsMidnight
charged this
was
Adams’
Appointments
a violation Constitution
In 1802, Republicans repealed the
Can
only
be
removed
if
commit
Judiciary
Act
of
1801
&
abolished
“high crimes or misdemeanors”
these&new
federal Court
courtsestablished
Marshall
the Supreme
the
precedent
of
Judicial
Review:
the
– William Marbury sued to the
Supreme Court has the authority to determine
Supreme Court
because he
was
the constitutionality
of Congressional
actions
denied his appointment
– In Marbury v. Madison (1803),
Marshall & the court ruled
against Marbury that Congress
could deny this appointment
The Louisiana Purchase
In 1801, France gained Louisiana
from Spain & seemed ready to
create an empire in North America
– But, the Haitian revolution & cost
of European wars led Napoleon
to lose interest in America
– In 1803, Jefferson negotiated
with France to buy New Orleans,
but Napoleon offered to sell all
of Louisiana for $15 million
The Louisiana Purchase
Jeffersonian contradictions:
– The Constitution was vague on
which branch had the authority
Republicans
feared
to purchase
newgiving
landsthe mostly
French & Spanish residents of New
– Jefferson
abandoned
“strict
Orleans
authority
in a territorial
assembly
construction” to buy Louisiana
– Jefferson signed the Louisiana
Gov’t Act which denied self-rule
to Louisiana residents
Louisiana
&
TheThe
report
from the Purchase
Lewis & Clark
Meriwether
Lewis
William
Clark
were
expedition
reaffirmed
faith
in
the future
the Lewis
&&Clark
Expedition
commissioned
to explore
the Louisiana
territory
economic
prosperity
of the U.S.
Left St. Louis in May
1804 & reached the
Pacific in Nov 1805
Goal #1: Determine if the
Missouri River flowed to
the Pacific Ocean
Goal #2:
Collect data on
flora & fauna
Native American Resistance
The Louisiana Purchase
increased tensions with Indians:
– Americans rejected coexistence
with Indians
– Tecumseh swayed the Shawnee
& other tribes to stop selling land
& to avoid contact with whites
– Jefferson hoped to “civilize”
Indians into yeoman farmers &
planned for a vast reservation
west of the Mississippi River
In 1801,
the U.S. fleet
TheJefferson
Barbarydispatched
War (1801-1805)
to “negotiate through…a cannon”
The North African “Barbary states”
A successful
naval tribute
blockadefrom
led totrade
peace ships
treaty
demanded
&sailing
gained America
international respect
in the Mediterranean
Sea
Jefferson’s
Second Term
Jefferson’s Reelection
Jefferson ended his 1st term as a
very popular president:
– He maintained internat’l peace
with England & France despite
continued denial of neutrality
– Reduced taxes for Americans
– Doubled the size of the U.S.
In 1804, Jefferson was reelected
as president & the Republicans
took the majority in Congress
Despite his electoral victory, serious
divisions divided Jefferson’s second
term as president
Division in the Republican Party
The
decline
of
the
Federalists
The Jeffersonian & Quid factions
suspended
the two-party
system:
became separate
parties by 1824
– Led to
Republican
dominance
National
Republicansin
Jacksonians
became
national
politics
from
1800-1820
were
absorbed
into
the Democratic
Party
the
Whig
Party
– But…without a clear party to
oppose, many Republicans,
The
“Virginia
Dynasty”
began
attacking
Jefferson
Republicans
(Jefferson,
Madison,
controlled
both Quids
– The Tertium
(“nothings”),
Monroe) dominated the
houses
of Congress
criticized
Jefferson’s
betrayal
executive
branchof
strict construction & sacrifice of
virtue to get results as president
The Yazoo Controversy
Jefferson
endured
heavy
criticism
Together with
Marbury
v Madison,
the Supreme
Court defined
itself as a
due
to the Yazoo
Land
Fraud:
legitimate 3rd branch of gov’t
– Corrupt GA politicians sold 35
The
case
established
an
million
acres
of
land
to
insiders
Again, it’s the
important
precedent:
at
ridiculously
low
prices
Marshall Court
Supreme Court can nullify any
– Quids attacked
Jefferson
unconstitutional
statefor
laws
allowing defrauded individuals to
keep lands they bought
– In Fletcher v. Peck (1810), the
Supreme Court allowed
purchasers to keep these lands
The Slave Trade
At the Philadelphia Convention,
slavery was tabled until 1808
In Dec 1806, Jefferson urged
Congress to prepare a slave law:
– Southerners furiously argued
against any slavery legislation
– Congress passed a law that
ended the slave trade in 1808,
but smugglers were to be turned
over to local authorities
ARenewed
war would be
too expensive
&
Conflict
Overseas
destroy his plans for a small gov’t
In 1803, England & France
The
embargo their
hurt war
The&
embargo
didU.S.
not
resumed
violated
the
NE
economy
hurt
England
or
France
neutrality rights by seizing ships &
Required huge
gov’t oversight
impressing
American
sailors:& an
expensive army to suppress smuggling
– Jefferson
refused to declare war
on either England or France
– In 1807, Jefferson approved a
very unpopular embargo that
prohibited U.S. merchants from
trading with England or France
•1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the
coast of Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop.
•British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered
•3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed
Regarding the Chesapeake
Affair, the Washington
Federalist reported,
“We have never, on any
occasion, witnessed the spirit
of the people excited to so
great a degree of indignation,
or such a thirst for revenge,
as on hearing of the late
unexampled outrage on the
Chesapeake. All parties,
ranks and professions were
unanimous in their
detestation of the dastardly
deed, and all cried aloud for
vengeance.”
Most Americans were angered over this incident and
public opinion was to go to war with the British.
Conclusions
 During Jefferson’s two terms:
– The U.S. doubled in size, saw huge
population growth, & experienced
western expansion
– The role of government shrank
– The Jefferson presidency led to a
divisive, politically partisan era
– The U.S. grew closer to
international war due to failed
attempts at reconciliation with
Europe