Transcript Adams/Jefferson PowerPoint

The Adams Presidency
Adams wonThe
the presidency
&
the
Federalists
Election
of
1796
controlled the national gov’t from 1796-1800
The political parties that quietly
emerged during Washington’s
presidency
played a
pivotal role
in the
Former
VP John
election
Adams
of (Federalist)
1796
Thomas Jefferson
(Republican)
VP Jefferson
the Republicans
The&Adams
Presidency
constantly
attacked
Adams policies
Adams
attempted
to continue
with was
Washington’s
policies
Hamilton
the unquestioned
leader of the
Federalist
Party,administration
who undermined was
Adams by
But…his
advising the cabinet to ignore the president
plagued with problems:
– Jefferson, his campaign
opponent, was now his VP
– Most of Adam’s cabinet took
their orders from Hamilton who
had retired with Washington
– Tensions with France emerged
The XYZ Affair & Quasi-War
During Adams’ administration
relations with France declined:
– France interpreted Jay’s Treaty
as an alliance with England
– France seized & impressed
American merchant ships
– An American diplomatic mission
to France failed when 3 French
officials (X, Y, Z) demand bribes
French “impressment” of American sailors
The XYZ Affair & Quasi-War
The XYZ Affair led to anti-French
sentiment
in
America
&
led
to
a
Hamilton convinced Washington to pressure
“quasi-war”
France:
Adams
to name with
him control
of the army
“Millions
for to
defense,
butforces
– The
U.S.
its
armed
Adams
wastripled
forced
do
so, but
not
one
centtofor
tribute!”
retaliated
by
failing
approve
many
to prepare for a French invasion
key army appointments & decisions
– Adams created the Dept of Navy
The quasi-war increased the
dislike between the Federalists
leaders Adams & Hamilton
The Alien and Sedition Acts
Federalists used Alien & Sedition
Acts to silence Repub criticisms:
– presidential power to expel any
foreigner
– must be a U.S. resident for 14
years to gain citizenship & vote
– made criticism of the gov’t a
criminal act
These acts were enforced by
Federalist appointed judges
Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions
Republicans saw Alien & Sedition
Acts as a dire threat to liberty:
– Jefferson & Madison authored
the Virginia & Kentucky Resolves
suggesting that states could
nullify federal laws that they saw
as unconstitutional
– VA & KY Resolves weakened
the Federalists & planted seeds
of nullification that would be
used to justify the Civil War
Adams’s Finest Hour
In 1799, Adams sent a diplomatic
envoy back to France to address
the XYZ “misunderstanding”:
– Napoleon voided the 1778 treaty
that tied the U.S. to France
– France ended its trade
restrictions in the West Indies
– Adams dismantled Hamilton's
expensive & useless army
The improved relations paved the
way for the Louisiana Purchase
Peaceful Resolution:
The Election of 1800
The “Revolution of 1800”
The Federalists were fatally
divided by 1800:
– Hamilton tried to undermine
Adams’ reelection
– Jefferson won election (despite
a tie with VP candidate Burr)
1800 was a “revolutionary”
election because the presidency
was peacefully transferred from
one political party to another
In his inaugural address, Jefferson claimed: “We
are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”
To avoid another Jefferson-Burr tie, Congress
passed the 12th Amendment which put
presidential & VP candidates on separate ballots
America in 1800:
Society & Economy
Spain
controlled
thewas
most
territory
In 1800,
the USA
a new
& in North
North
America
in 1800
America
withsharing
valuable
citiesAmerica
like Mexico City,
weak nation
North
New
St Louis,
& Los Angeles
with Orleans,
other European
powers
But, Spain’s hold on these
territories was slipping
British
wasthe
sparsely populated, but
Russia Canada
dominated
itsfur
control
over
the fur trade & Great Lakes
trade
in
Alaska
France
ruled
Haiti
&
gained
Louisiana
from
frustrated westward-bound Americans
Spain in 1801 during the Napoleonic Wars
From
1800
to 1810,
the U.S.
major
Intense
migration
toStates
the
The
United
in had
1800
…and
cities,
like Cincinnati
population
growth;
Grew
trans-Appalachian
West by 2 million people
(after1790
Fallen
which
after
ledTimbers)
to new states
used the Mississippi & Ohio
Ohio Rivers
(1803) for trade
Kentucky
(1792)
Many western settlers were
concerned
that Spain
Tennessee
(1796)
controlled New Orleans
Cotton
quickly
became the
dominant
The U.S.
Economy
in
1800
th century
Southern
crop
of
the
19
By 1810, 84% of
Americans
were
directly entrenched the
Cotton
production
involvedSouth’s
in agriculture
“need” for slaves &
expedited Northern industrialism
The Southern economy
was dominated by rice
& tobacco cultivation
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin
in 1793 allowed for a
cotton boom in the South
By 1800,
U.S.economy
Economy
1800
TheThe
Northern
was in
more
diverse
industrialization
than the South,was
butjust
most Americans were
beginning
in cultivating
America livestock & grains
involved in
By 1810, 84% of
Americans were directly
involved in agriculture
Boston, NY, Philadelphia
relied on international trade,
otherwise cities played a
marginal role (only 5% of
Samuel
Slaterlived
designed
cotton-spinning factories
Americans
in cities)
in NE; but most textiles were homemade
Jefferson as President
Jefferson as President
Jefferson entered office after the
“revolution of 1800” with a clear
political ideology & goals:
– To
reduceJefferson
size & would
cost of
gov’t
However,
have
to &
compromise
many of his agrarianism
ideological
promote republican
principles to be an effective president
– To repeal key Federalist policies
(Alien & Sedition Acts & John
Adams’ midnight appointments
of key Federalist judges)
– To maintain international peace
Jeffersonian Reforms
All federal revenue was generated
Jefferson’s
wastaxes
to reduce
exclusivelypriority
by shipping
the role of the national gov’t &
But…Jefferson
approved
of
the
creation
return
key
decisions
to
the
states
of the Army Corps of Engineers & the
Jefferson
worked
withatCongress
U.S. Military
Academy
West Point to
– Repeal all excise taxes
– Reduced the army by 50% &
retired most naval ships
– Eliminate all national debt
– Did not renew the charter of the
BUS (The bank will die in 1811)
Adams’ Midnight Appointments
Before leaving office, John Adams
signed the Judiciary Act of 1801
creating new federal courts which
Who will become the
Adams filled with
loyal
Federalists
greatest Supreme Court
chiefappointments”
justice ever!
– These “midnight
were an obvious attempt to fill
the courts with partisan judges
– The most important Adams’
appointee was John Marshall as
Chief Justice of Supreme Court
Federalists
claim
that Marbury’s
denial of his
Adams’
Midnight
Appointments
appointment was a violation Constitution
In 1802, Republicans repealed the
Marbury
should
only
be
removed
if
he
Judiciary
Act
of
1801
&
abolished
committed a “high crime or misdemeanor”
these new federal courts
Marshall & the Supreme Court established
–
William
Marbury
sued
to
the
the precedent of Judicial Review: the
Supreme
because
he was
Supreme
Court hasCourt
the authority
to determine
the constitutionality
of Congressional actions
denied his appointment
– In Marbury v. Madison (1803),
Marshall & the court ruled
against Marbury that Congress
could deny this appointment
The Louisiana Purchase
In 1801, France gained Louisiana
from Spain & seemed ready to
create an empire in North America
– But, the Haitian revolution & cost
of European wars led Napoleon
to lose interest in America
– In 1803, Jefferson negotiated
with France to buy New Orleans,
but Napoleon offered to sell all
of Louisiana for $15 million
The Louisiana Purchase
Jeffersonian contradictions:
– The Constitution was vague on
which branch had the authority
Republicans
feared
to purchase
newgiving
landsthe mostly
French & Spanish residents of New
– Jefferson
abandoned
“strict
Orleans
authority
in a territorial
assembly
construction” to buy Louisiana
– Jefferson signed the Louisiana
Gov’t Act which denied self-rule
to Louisiana residents
Thereport
Louisiana
Purchase
The
from the
Lewis &&Clark
Meriwether
Lewis
& William
Clark
were
expedition
reaffirmed
faith
in
the future
the Lewis
& Clark
Expedition
commissioned
to explore
the Louisiana
territory
economic
prosperity
of the U.S.
Left St. Louis in May
1804 & reached the
Pacific in Nov 1805
Goal #1: Determine if the
Missouri River flowed to
the Pacific Ocean
Goal #2:
Collect data on
flora & fauna
Native American Resistance
The Louisiana Purchase
increased tensions with Indians:
– Americans rejected coexistence
with Indians
– Tecumseh swayed the Shawnee
& other tribes to stop selling land
& to avoid contact with whites
– Jefferson hoped to “civilize”
Indians into yeoman farmers &
planned for a vast reservation
west of the Mississippi River
(1801-1805)
InThe
1801,Barbary
JeffersonWar
dispatched
the U.S. fleet
to “negotiate
The North
Africanthrough…a
“Barbarycannon”
states”
A
successful naval
blockade
to peace
treaty
demanded
tribute
from led
trade
ships
& gained
America
internationalSea
respect
sailing
in the
Mediterranean
Jefferson’s
Second Term
Jefferson’s Reelection
Jefferson ended his 1st term as a
very popular president:
– He maintained internat’l peace
with England & France despite
continued denial of neutrality
– Reduced taxes for Americans
– Doubled the size of the U.S.
In 1804, Jefferson was re-elected
as president & the Republicans
took the majority in Congress
Despite his electoral victory, serious
divisions divided Jefferson’s second
term as president
Division in the Republican Party
 The decline of the Federalists
The Jeffersonian & Quid factions
suspended
the two-party
became separate
parties by system:
1824
–
Led
to
Republican
dominance
in
National
Republicans
Jacksonians became
nationalParty
politicswere
from
1800-1820
absorbed
into
the Democratic
the Whig
– But…without a clear
partyParty
to
oppose, many Republicans began
The
“Virginia
Dynasty”
attacking
Jefferson’s
policies
Republicans
(Jefferson,
Madison,
– The Tertium
(“nothings”),
controlled
both Quids
Monroe) dominated the
housescriticized
of Congress
Jefferson’s
betrayal
of
executive
branch
strict construction & sacrifice of
virtue to get results as president
The Yazoo Controversy
Jefferson
endured
heavy
criticism
Together with
Marbury
v Madison,
the Supreme
Court defined
itself as a
due
to the Yazoo
Land
Fraud:
legitimate 3rd branch of gov’t
– Corrupt GA politicians sold 35
The
case
established
an
million
acres
of
land
to
insiders
Again, it’s the
important
precedent:
at
ridiculously
low
prices
Marshall Court
Supreme Court can nullify any
– Quids attacked
Jefferson
unconstitutional
statefor
laws
allowing defrauded individuals to
keep lands they bought
– In Fletcher v. Peck (1810), the
Supreme Court allowed
purchasers to keep these lands
Lands Associated with the Yazoo Land Fraud
The Slave Trade
At the Philadelphia Convention,
slavery was tabled until 1808
In Dec 1806, Jefferson urged
Congress to prepare a slave law:
– Southerners furiously argued
against any slavery legislation
– Congress passed a law that
ended the slave trade in 1808,
but smugglers were to be turned
over to local authorities
ARenewed
war would be
too expensive
&
Conflict
Overseas
destroy his plans for a small gov’t
In 1803, England & France
The embargo hurt The embargo did not
resumed
their war
& violated
U.S.
the
NE economy
hurt England
or France
neutrality
rights
by
seizing
ships
&
Exports fell from $108 million in 1807
impressing
American
to just $22
million insailors:
1808
– Jefferson
refused
to declare
war
Required huge
gov’t oversight
& an
expensive
to suppress
smuggling
on eitherarmy
England
or France
– In
1807, Jefferson approved a
very unpopular embargo that
prohibited U.S. merchants from
trading with England or France
Conclusions
During Jefferson’s two terms:
– The U.S. doubled in size, saw
huge population growth, &
experienced western expansion
– The role of government shrank
– The Jefferson presidency led to
a divisive, politically partisan era
– The U.S. grew closer to internat’l
war due to failed attempts at
reconciliation with Europe
Discussion Question
 Was Jefferson a hypocrite who
compromised his political ideals OR
a pragmatic leader who became more
flexible as president?
– Examine each of Jefferson’s key
decisions & determine which
decisions were hypocritical & which
were pragmatic
 How does Jefferson’s presidency
compare with Washington’s?