Transcript Louisiana Purchase

Kickoff #40
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Date:
1800-1808
If you were absent, please remind me so you can take the first
quarter survey.
2. Exchange essay outlining packets with your table partner. Have
your table partner perform the SAPE test on each of the theses that
you wrote for the first two essays. There should be boxes for you to
check in there.
Business &
Homework
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HW:
-1) ) 360-372 Cornell Notes.
After school writing class tomorrow! In cafeteria!
AM class is also on TUESDAY morning at 7:40;
must arrive on time ready to go please.
Topic will be announced tomorrow in class.
Terms
Explanation
The Election of 1800 and Lovely
Louisiana:
The Purchase that Doubled the Size of
America
Objective: SWBAT explain the effects of
the Louisiana Purchase.
Election of 1800
Election of 1800: Jeffersonian Republicans triumph over
Federalists and President Adams; results in 12th amendment.
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First political campaigns by parties
First negative campaigning—accused Jefferson of being atheist,
fathering mulatto children, etc. Still a controversial figure today
Tied vote went to the House of Representatives
Finally Jefferson won—deemed Revolution of 1800 because
signalled turnover from Federalist control of government to
Democratic-Republican control of government for the next 20
years.
Resulted in 12th amendment for VP voting
Republican Agrarianism
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Thomas Jefferson emerged as a strong
president with strong party backing.
Jefferson’s Government and
the Independent Judiciary
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Jefferson's promise to reduce the size of the
federal government was fulfilled by:
– cutting internal taxes; and
– reducing the size of army, navy, and government staff.
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The unfinished state of the nation’s capital
reflected the emphasis on local communities.
While removing Federalist officeholders,
Jefferson provoked a landmark Supreme Court
decision.
Marbury v. Madison did not restore William
Marbury to his post, but it established the
principle of judicial review and an independent
Opportunity: The Louisiana
Purchase
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Napoleon’s acquisition of the Louisiana Territory
threatened American access to the Mississippi
River.
Jefferson attempted to buy New Orleans, but
accepted the French offer to buy the entire
territory.
The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the
United States, fulfilling Jefferson's desire for
continued expansion.
Republican
Agrarianism
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Republican Agrarianism: Jefferson’s ideal that country made up
of small farms with strong values.
In the Jefferson v. Hamilton clip we saw, who did Jefferson
favor between big business and small farmers?
“Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God.”
Jefferson’s ideal was an agrarian republic of roughly equal
yeoman farmers.
America’s abundant land allowed Jefferson to envision a nation
of small family farms
Family values would be emphasized
1. Effects of this policy?
The Louisiana Purchase
Louisiana Purchase: doubled size of the U.S;
bought from French in 1803.
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Napoleon’s acquisition of the Louisiana Territory
threatened American access to the Mississippi River.
Jefferson attempted to buy New Orleans, but received a
French offer to buy the entire territory.
1) Why might Jefferson be conflicted over this
purchase?
The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United
States. fulfilling Jefferson's desire for continued
expansion.
President Jefferson bought 828,000 square miles of land
for $23,213,568 from the French.
Louisiana Purchase
In which
direction was
America
expanding?
Louisiana Purchase
Louisiana Purchase Purchase
: gave control of New Orleans and
Mississippi; provided more land for expansion.
-Provided control of New
Orleans and Mississippi
1. What opportunities did this
provide?
2. What were potential issues
or problems Jefferson and
the new government faced
as a result of this purchase?
Next steps?
Lewis and Clark!!
Exploring the Great
Unknown:
The Lewis and Clark
Adventure
Objective: SWBAT analyze the Lewis and
Clark trip.
Lewis & Clark
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Lewis and Clark: 1) explore new land 2) make map 3)
establish trade relations w/natives; 4) zoology
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Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in 1804
Explore the land and act as cartographers
Search for NW passage
Establish trade relations with native people they
encountered
Categorize and act as zoologists; Jefferson personally
interested
1) Most important goal?
Lewis & Clark
Lewis & Clark
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Lewis and Clark 2nd job: make friends with
Indians.
Lewis and Clark had
a second very
important job…
1. Why would it be
important to make
friends with the
Indians?
This shows the medal Lewis and Clark presented to the Nez Perce Indians in 1805. One side
shows a profile of Thomas Jefferson, with the description, “Th. Jefferson, President of the
U.S. A.D. 1802,” while the clasped hands on the other side promise Peace and Friendship.
National Park Service Photo.
Lewis & Clark
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Sacagawea: acted as guide; translator; symbol to
Indians.
“Oh the sea!”
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Of the 30 people on the trip, how many
would you guess died on the journey?
Stop here…
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Apr. 20, 1804, Floyd;
Independent Work
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Take out your essay outlining packet
Analyze and underline the prompt for
essay #7
Create a quick outline as if you were
going to write the essay
Create a fuller outline on one of the
blank pages
MAP 9.1 North America in 1800 In 1800, the new United States of America shared the North American
continent with territories held by the European powers: British Canada, French Louisiana (secretly ceded
that year to France by Spain), Spanish Florida, Spanish Mexico, and Russian Alaska, expanding
southward along the Pacific coast. Few people could have imagined that by 1850, the United States would
span the continent. But the American settlers who had crossed the Appalachians to the Ohio River Valley
were already convinced that opportunity lay in the West.
MAP 9.2 Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the largest peaceful acquisition of
territory in United States history, more than doubled the size of the nation. The Lewis and Clark
expedition (1804–06) was the first to survey and document the natural and human richness of the
area. The American sense of expansiveness and continental destiny owes more to the
extraordinary opportunity provided by the Louisiana Purchase than to other factor.
MAP 9.3 Indian Resistance,
1790–1816 American
westward expansion put
relentless pressure on the
Indian nations in the TransAppalachian South and West.
The Trans-Appalachian
region was marked by
constant warfare from the
time of the earliest
settlements in Kentucky in the
1780s to the War of
1812.Tecumseh’s Alliance in
the Old Northwest (1809–11)
and the Creek Rebellion in
the Old Southwest (1813–14)
were the culminating
struggles in Indian resistance
to the American invasion of
the Trans-Appalachian region.
Indian resistance was a major
reason for the War of 1812.
MAP 9.4 The War of 1812
On land, the War of 1812
was fought to define the
nation’s boundaries. In the
North, American armies
attacked British forts in the
Great Lakes region with little
success, and the invasion of
Canada was a failure. In the
South, the Battle of New
Orleans made a national
hero of Andrew Jackson, but
it occurred after the peace
treaty had been signed. On
the sea, with the exception of
Oliver Perry’s victory in the
Great Lakes, Britain’s
dominance was so complete
and its blockade so effective
that British troops were able
to invade the Chesapeake
and burn the capital of the
United States.
MAP 9.5 Spread of Settlement:
Westward Surge, 1800–1820 Within
a period of twenty years, a quarter of
the nation’s population had moved
west of the Appalachian Mountains.
The westward surge was a dynamic
source of American optimism.
MAP 9.6 John Quincy Adams’s Border Treaties John Quincy Adams, secretary of state in the Monroe
administration (1817–25), solidified the nation’s boundaries in several treaties with Britain and Spain. The
Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 and the Conventions of 1818 and 1824 settled the northern boundary with
Canada and the terms of a joint occupancy of Oregon. The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 added Florida to
the United States and settled the disputed border between the American Louisiana Territory and Spanish
possessions in the West.
MAP 9.7 The Missouri Compromise Before the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Ohio River
was the dividing line between the free states of the Old Northwest and the slaveholding states of
the Old Southwest. The compromise stipulated that Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state
(balanced by Maine, a free state), but slavery would be prohibited in the Louisiana Territory north of
36° 30(Missouri’s southern boundary). This awkward compromise lasted until 1846, when the
Mexican-American War reopened the issue of the expansion of slavery.
FIGURE 9.1 American Export Trade, 1790–1815 This graph shows how completely the
American shipping boom was tied to European events. Exports, half of which were reexports,
surged when Britain and France were at war and America could take advantage of its status
as neutral. Exports slumped in the brief period of European peace in 1803–1805 and plunged
following the Embargo Act of 1807 and the outbreak of the War of 1812.
SOURCE:Douglass C.North,The Economic Growth of the United States , 1790 –1860 (New York: Norton,1966), p.26.
FIGURE 9.2 Western Land Sales Surges in western land sales reflect surges in westward
expansion. western land sales following the War of 1812 reached an unprecedented 3.5
million acres, but that was small in comparison with what was to come in the 1830s and
1850s. Not all land sales reflected actual settlement, however, and speculation in western
lands was rampant. Collapse of the postwar speculative boom contributed to the Panic of
1819, and the abrupt end to the boom of the 1830s led to the Panic of 1837.
SOURCE:Robert Riegel and Robert Athearn,American Mores West (New York:Holt Rinehart 1964)
This view shows Sitka, the center of Russian activities in Alaska, in 1827. Russian
architectural styles and building techniques are apparent in the Church of St. Michael the
Archangel in the right background, contrasting with the Asian and Indian origins of most of
Sitka’s inhabitants. SOURCE:From an engraving by Freidrich H.von Kittlitz,1827.Elmer E.Rosmusen Library Rare Books,University of Alaska,Fairbanks.
When John Caspar Wild painted this view of Cincinnati in 1835, its location on the Ohio River
had already established it as center for the trade in agricultural goods shipped down the river
to New Orleans, first by flatboat and later by steamboat. (John Caspar Wild, View of Cincinnati, 1835, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.)
Built for speed, the narrow beamed, many-sailed American clipper ships were the
technological marvel of their age. In 1854, the most famous clipper ship, Flying Cloud, shown
here, made the voyage from New York to San Francisco in 89 days. SOURCE:Museum of the City of New York/CORBIS.
Tall, ungainly, and diffident in
manner, Thomas Jefferson was
nonetheless a man of genius, an
architect, naturalist, political
philosopher, and politician.
SOURCE:Courtesy of the Library of Congress.
Thomas Jefferson designed and supervised every aspect of the building and furnishing of
Monticello, his classical home atop a hill near Charlottesville, Virginia. The process took
almost forty years (from 1770 to 1809), for Jefferson costantly changed and refined his
design, subjecting both himself and his family to years of uncomfortable living in the partially
completed structure. The result, however, was one of the most civilized—and most
autobiographical—houses ever built. SOURCE:Courtesy of the Library of Congress
This double portrait of two Sac Indians by John Wesley Jarvis, painted in 1833, shows the
growing resistance to official American Indian policy. The father, Black Hawk, wears
European dress and appears to have adapted to white ways, while the son, Whirling
Thunder, stubbornly wears traditional garb.
SOURCE:John Wesley Jarvis,Black Hawk and His Son, Whirling Thunder, 1833.Oil on canvas.23”x 30”. (60.3 x 76 cm.)Gilcrease Museum,Tulsa,Oklahoma.
Tecumseh, a Shawnee military leader, and his brother Tenskwatawa, a religious leader called
The Prophet, led a pan-Indian revitalization and resistance movement that posed a serious
threat to American westward expansion. Tecumseh traveled widely, attempting to build a
military alliance on his brother’s spiritual message. He achieved considerable success in the
Old Northwest, but less in the Old Southwest, where many Indian peoples put their faith in
accommodation. Tecumseh’s death at the Battle of the Thames (1813) and British
abandonment of their Shawnee allies at the end of the War of 1812 brought an end to
organized Indian resistance in the Old Northwest. SOURCE:(a)The Field Museum,#A93851c.(b)Courtesy of the Library of Congress.
Most of the important battles of the War of 1812 were fought on the Canadian border, on
water as well as on land. This picture celebrates a rare American naval triumph in the war, the
victory of Captain Oliver T. Perry over a British naval squadron on Lake Erie in September
1813. SOURCE:Bettman/CORBIS.
Settlement of the heavily forested Old
Northwest and Old Southwest required
much heavy labor to clear the land. One
common laborsaving method settlers
learned from Indians was to “girdle” the
trees (cutting the bark all around),
thereby killing them. Dead trees could be
more easily chopped and burned.
SOURCE:Library of Congress.
This 1816 painting by Thomas Birch shows two improvements that aided westward
expansion: the lightweight but sturdy Conestoga wagon that made it possible to carry heavy
loads for long distances, and the improved road—the Pennsylvania Turnpike—built by a
private company that charged tolls to cover its cost.
SOURCE:Thomas Birch,Conestoga Wagon on the Pennsylvania Turnpike ,1816.Shelburne Musueum,Shelburne,VT).
Chapter Nine
An Agrarian
Republic, 1790 –
1824
Part One
Introduction
Chapter Focus Questions
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How did America’s economy develop in a
world of warring great powers?
What was the role of Jefferson’s presidency
and his agrarian republicanism in forging a
national identity?
How did the divisive War of 1812 end colonial
dependency?
How did westward expansion become a
nationalizing force?
Part Two
Expansion Touches
Mandan Villages on the
Upper Missouri
Mandan Communities
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Lewis and Clark visited the Mandan villages in
what is now North Dakota.
The Mandan lived by agriculture and hunting
and lived in matrilineal clans.
The male chiefs met with Lewis and Clark
who offered them a military and economic
alliance.
Americans established Fort Clark as a trading
base.
Americans brought diseases like smallpox
that wiped out the vast majority of Mandans.
Part Three
North American
Communities from Coast
to Coast
Spanish Colonies
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To protect their interests against Russian and British
expansion, the Spanish had established a chain of
missions throughout California.
The Spanish also controlled New Orleans, though in
1800 it was:
– a polyglot, French-dominated society that was half
black; and
– an international port.
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Americans were concerned that whomever controlled
New Orleans could choke off commerce along the
Mississippi River.
East and West Florida dominated the Gulf of Mexico,
and Spain opened the area to American immigration.
Haiti and the Caribbean
The Caribbean posed strong challenges
because of the sugar industry.
The Caribbean slave societies were
jolted by the successful slave revolt in
Haiti.
British North America
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The heart of British North America was
the former French colony of Quebec.
Loyalists comprised most of the other
settlers.
The American Revolution caused Great
Britain to create a national legislature
under strict executive control.
Russian America
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Russian settlements in Alaska were an
extension of its conquest of Siberia.
The Russians established Sitka in 1804.
Russia established new settlements in
California, including Fort Ross.
America in 1800
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Map: America in 1800
In 1800, the United States was
surrounded by European colonies.
Trans-Appalachia:
Cincinnati
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The trans-Appalachia West was the most
rapidly growing region of the United States.
By 1800, 500,000 Americans lived in TransAppalachia.
Cincinnati served as major trading center for
the Ohio River Valley.
River traffic to and from New Orleans
increased annually, though Westerners were
concerned over who controlled the city.
Atlantic Ports: From
Charleston to Boston
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Only 3 percent of Americans lived in cities
Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, Boston,
and New York dominated trade.
Each city had its own distinct economy and
culture.
These cities led the nation socially, politically,
and economically.
Those with the greatest ties to the transAppalachian West thrived.
Part Four
A National Economy
Cotton and the Economy of
the Young Republic
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Table: American Export Trade, 1790 1815
Most Americans lived in rural,
agricultural communities.
Northerners were generally selfsufficient.
The plantation regions of the South
were heavily involved in marketing
crops overseas, but demand for tobacco
Shipping and The Economic
Boom
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In 1790, American shipping had been hurt by the
end of ties with Great Britain.
The outbreak of war in Europe and American
neutrality vastly expanded trade, fueling the
growth of American coastal cities.
The economic boom included:
– American entry into the Northwest fur and China
markets;
– an active shipbuilding industry; and
– trade stimulated the rise of insurance companies,
banks, and brokers catering to the international
market.
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By 1820, the United States was building a strong,
Part Five
The Jefferson
Presidency
Republican Agrarianism
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Thomas Jefferson emerged as a strong
president with strong party backing.
Jefferson’s ideal was an agrarian
republic of roughly equal yeoman
farmers. America’s abundant land
allowed Jefferson to envision a nation
of small family farms.
Jefferson’s Government and
the Independent Judiciary
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Jefferson's promise to reduce the size of the
federal government was fulfilled by:
– cutting internal taxes; and
– reducing the size of army, navy, and government staff.
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The unfinished state of the nation’s capital
reflected the emphasis on local communities.
While removing Federalist officeholders,
Jefferson provoked a landmark Supreme Court
decision.
Marbury v. Madison did not restore William
Marbury to his post, but it established the
principle of judicial review and an independent
Opportunity: The Louisiana
Purchase
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Map: Louisiana Purchase
The conflict between France and Britain
threatened American security.
Napoleon’s acquisition of the Louisiana Territory
threatened American access to the Mississippi
River.
Jefferson attempted to buy New Orleans, but
accepted the French offer to buy the entire
territory.
The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the
United States, fulfilling Jefferson's desire for
continued expansion.
Incorporating Louisiana
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The French customs of Louisiana
conflicted with the English-derived
American traditions.
The solution was to maintain aspects of
French institutions in Louisiana.
Texas and the Struggle for
Mexican Independence
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Acquisition of Louisiana put the United
States in conflict with Spain.
Spain’s involvement in the Napoleonic
Wars caused its American empire to slip
away.
Several populist revolts fueled a strong
independence movement in Mexico.
Part Six
Renewed Imperial
Rivalry in North
America
Problems with Neutral
Rights
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In his second term, Jefferson faced problems protecting
American neutrality.
British ships seized American vessels trading in the
French West Indies and impressed sailors into the
Royal Navy.
Congress first imposed a boycott and then passed the
Embargo Act on foreign commerce that:
– did not change British policy;
– caused a deep depression; and
– led to widespread smuggling.
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During the presidency of James Madison, the Embargo
Act was repealed.
Other similar acts passed later also proved ineffective.
A Contradictory Indian
Policy
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Indian affairs remained among the most
difficult foreign problems.
Western tribes resisted American incursion
into their territory.
Jefferson hoped that Indians would either be
converted to white civilization or moved
across the Mississippi River. Neither policy
won much Indian support.
Indian Resistance
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The Shawnee emerged as the leading force of
Indian resistance in the Ohio Valley. Tecumseh led
a band that attempted to escape contact with
whites.
His brother, Tenskwatawa, The Prophet, called for
a rejection of white ways and built a pan-Indian
religious movement.
Tecumseh formed a pan-Indian confederacy and
was initially defensive but soon advocated military
resistance.
While Tecumseh was in the South, a American
army defeated Tenskwatawa’s followers at
Tippecanoe.
In response, Tecumseh formally allied with the
Part Seven
The War of 1812
The War Hawks
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Map: War of 1812
Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun were
leaders of a new generation of War
Hawks from the South and West that
supported war as a means of
expansion.
Madison’s declaration of war received
no Federalist support.
The Campaigns Against
Northern and Southern
Indians
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American efforts to capture Canada
failed due to:
– New England opposition;
– the strength of the British-Indian forces;
and
– the resistance of Canadians.
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The Americans won the Battle of the
Thames, at which Tecumseh was killed.
The Hartford Convention
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Andrew Jackson and Indian allies
defeated the Creek Indians and invaded
Florida.
The British navy established a strong
blockade and burned Washington.
Continued opposition from New England
led to the Hartford Convention.
Federalists demanded redress of
grievances though they dropped talk of
secession.
The Treaty of Ghent
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The Treaty of Ghent ended the war without
addressing the major grievances, but the
British did agree to evacuate the western
forts.
Andrew Jackson’s victory at New Orleans
saved American pride.
The war also ended lingering feelings of
American colonial dependency.
The Indians were the only clear losers.
Part Eight
Defining the Boundaries
Another Westward Surge
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Map: Spread of Settlement
Peace brought widespread Indian
removal that opened lands and enabled
Americans to resume their westward
migration.
Migration Routes
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Northern migrants traveled the Genesee
Turnpike.
Middle States settlers went west on the
Philadelphia-Pittsburgh Turnpike and
the National Road.
The Wilderness and Federal Roads were
southern migration routes.
Western Settlement
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Table: Western land sales
Overpopulated farmland in the East pushed
Americans to cheap land in the West.
Easterners brought the culture and values of
their home regions with them.
The Old Northwest shared New England
values.
The Old Southwest was based on plantation
slavery.
The Election of 1816 and the
Era of Good Feelings
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James Monroe presided over the post-war
“era of good feelings.”
Monroe brought former Federalists into his
cabinet.
Embracing most of Henry Clay’s American
System that updated many of Hamilton’s
ideas, the Monroe administration:
– established the Second Bank of the United States:
– passed a protective tariff; but
– would not subsidize roads and canals - the third
part of the American System.
The American System
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Madison and Monroe broke with
Jefferson’s agrarianism and embraced
the Federalist program for economic
development
The American System included:
– The establishment of a national bank
– A tax on imported goods to protect
American manufacturers
– A national system of roads and canals
The Diplomacy of John Quincy
Adams
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Map: John Quincy Adams's Border Treaties
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams laid the
foundation for continued expansion. Two treaties
with Britain established a demilitarized Canadian
border and provided for the joint occupation of
Oregon.
The Adams-Onis Treaty turned over Florida to
the United States and relinquished claims to
Louisiana.
Adams defined the response of the United States
to emerging nations in the Western Hemisphere
by designing the Monroe Doctrine.
The Panic of 1819
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New problems emerged as Americans moved
westward.
A land boom was financed by speculative buying
and easy credit.
The Panic of 1819 was triggered by the Second
Bank of the United States foreclosing on loans that
led to six years of depression.
The Panic of 1819 hurt urban workers suffering
from the decline in trade and manufacturing
failures.
Manufacturers pressed for higher protective tariffs,
angering Southerners.
The Missouri Compromise
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Map: The Missouri Compromise
Effort to admit Missouri into the Union as a slave state
created a crisis.
Northerners opposed the creation of new slave states
because it would tip the balance between slave and
free states.
Southerners sought to expand slavery and were
concerned that Congress would even consider the
matter.
Henry Clay forged a compromise that maintained the
balance between free and slave states.
Maine was admitted as a free slave state and slavery
was barred north of Missouri’s southern boundary.
Part Nine
Conclusion
An Agrarian Republic, 1790
– 1824
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Media: Chronology