Transcript Industrialization

Mrs. Tucker
AP European History
Victor Valley High School
ECONOMIC ADVANCE AND SOCIAL
UNREST (1820-1850) – CHAPTER 22
MAIN IDEAS
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Industrialization and its
impact on labor and the
family.
The changing role of women
in industrial society.
Problems of crime and the
response of police forces
and prisons.
Classical economics and its
theorists.
The development of
socialism and radical
reform.
The revolutions of 1848.
TOWARD AN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
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Multiple factors
including natural resources,
– availability of capital,
– technological know-how,
– a growing food supply,
– a mobile population, and
– large foreign and domestic
demand ;
helped make Britain the
early leader in the
Industrial Revolution.
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TOWARD AN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
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Textiles were the first
industrialized industry.
Belgium, France, and
Germany were also
industrializing rapidly by the
1830s, though industrial
production tended to be
more dispersed on the
Continent.
Population growth and
urbanization continued;
many cities were unable to
accommodate the new
influx of residents, so slums
grew and crime increased.
TOWARD AN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
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Most peasants had become
landowners, but many lacked the
capital to use their land effectively.
The ease with which people could
leave rural land varied widely
across Europe, with migration
generally more difficult in eastern
parts of Europe.
Railroads, canals, and improved
roads made facilitated movement.
Large numbers of railways were
built in the 1830s and 1840s,
which reflected this period's
emphasis on capital production
rather than consumer production.
THE LABOR FORCE
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The labor experience varied
tremendously, according to
industry and location.
In the first half of the 19th
century, only textile manufacture
was fully mechanized and factory
based.
Skilled artisans made up far more
of the nonagricultural workforce
than factory workers did.
Both artisans and factory workers
were proletarianized, meaning
they no longer owned the means
of production (tools and
equipment) and no longer
controlled the way their trades
were conducted.
THE LABOR FORCE
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Factory discipline attempted to
human work practices.
Textile workers who resisted the
factory mode of production were
slowly impoverished.
Urban artisans often benefited by
the early stages of the introduction
of factories.
Urban artisans were slowly
proletarianized, though, as labor
and guild organizations were
suppressed for political reasons,
and craft-work was standardized
for economic reasons.
British Chartists provided a model
of a large-scale working-class
political movement.
FAMILY STRUCTURES AND THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
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Industrialization transformed
the family from being the chief
unit of both production and
consumption, to being the
chief unit of consumption only.
This occurred slowly, and was
not completed throughout
Europe before the end of the
19th century.
The textile factory system in
Britain provides a good model
for the types of changes that
occurred in industrialized
family structure.
FAMILY STRUCTURES AND THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
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Early textile factories, in the 1820s,
often employed whole families as a
unit.
By the 1830s, however, work
associated with textile machinery
had largely been split into skilled
work, performed by men who were
relatively well paid, and unskilled
work, performed by poorly paid
unmarried women and the children
of poor hand-loom weavers.
Child labor and education laws
improved children's working
conditions, but further separated
them from their families.
WOMEN IN THE EARLY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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With industrialization, the
gender division of labor that
had characterized the middle
class and aristocracy spread to
the working class.
Starting in the 1820s, factory
work for women became more
widely available, but it paid
less.
Wages for men in factories
were often enough to support
an entire family; in families
where that was not the case,
the children were more likely
to enter the wage workforce
than the wives were.
WOMEN IN THE EARLY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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Therefore, the women who
worked in factories were
generally young and single,
or widowed.
Even by mid-century, more
than half of all working
women were still working
someplace other than
factories; in England, the
largest group of working
women were domestic
servants, and in France
they worked in agriculture.
WOMEN IN THE EARLY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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Domestic cottage
industries employed
huge numbers of
women throughout
Europe.
In virtually all cases,
however, women were
poorly paid.
Prostitution and sexual
exploitation were
widespread.
WOMEN IN THE EARLY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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Marriage and family life
changed too, though
slowly.
Women's domestic work
– child-rearing, food
preparation, cleaning,
and often, administration
of finances – became
more sharply defined.
PROBLEMS OF CRIME AND ORDER
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Revolutions, industrialization, and
urbanization all contributed to a
fear of crime.
In cities, crime did in fact increase
in the early to mid-19th century,
though historians disagree about
how much it increased, and why.
To assuage the fears of the
propertied elite, prisons were
reformed, and police systems
were instituted or improved.
The existence of a paid,
professional, non-political group
of law-enforcement officers,
distinct from the army, was a new
development in 19th century
Europe.
PROBLEMS OF CRIME AND ORDER
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By the end of the century,
most Europeans of all
classes viewed police
favorably.
Forms of punishment for
criminals had varied from
country to country, and
included sentencing
convicts to naval galleys
and transportation to
Australia.
Efforts at prison reform
were hampered by public
hostility towards criminals.
PROBLEMS OF CRIME AND ORDER
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In the 1840s, the British and
the French instituted reforms
based on the idea that
criminals could be
rehabilitated.
Experimental prisons based on
models used in the United
States, in which prisoners were
separated from each other and
sometimes isolated
completely, were tried in
England and France.
By the end of the century,
orderly societies had been
established in both countries.
CLASSICAL ECONOMICS
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Laissez-faire economic
theories, based largely on
Adam Smith's 1771 Wealth
of Nations, predominated
in this period.
Classical economists
believed that competitive
free enterprise was the
best path to economic
growth.
The state should protect
the nation's economic
structure and foreign trade
through military power.
CLASSICAL ECONOMICS
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The middle class approved of these
economists' emphasis on thrift, competition,
and personal industriousness.
Malthus argued, in his 1798 Essay on the
Principle of Population, that food supply
could not grow as quickly as population; if
working-class wages were raised, workingclass families would have more children,
worsening the situation.
Later he suggested that the working class
might spend additional money on consumer
goods instead of children.
Ricardo, in his 1817 Principles of Political
Economy, postulated the "iron law of
wages," linking wages and fertility in an
even more deterministic and pessimistic way
than Malthus.
CLASSICAL ECONOMICS
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In France, the July monarchy embarked on
building projects, that provided jobs and wealth
for the middle class, but did little to help the poor.
In Germany, internal trade barriers were lowered,
but state direction of economic development
continued.
In Britain, Bentham's attempts to codify
utilitarianism – the principle of the greatest good,
for the greatest number – increased the influence
of classical economic theory.
In 1834, Bentham's followers passed a new Poor
Law that funneled all poor relief through
degrading workhouses, designed to motivate the
poor to do anything possible to avoid them.
In 1846, the Corn Laws were repealed, allowing
manufacturers to lower wages, Ireland to import
grain, and Britain to embark on a free trade
regime.
EARLY SOCIALISM
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As opposed to the classical economists,
who conceptualized society as a
conglomerate of atomistic, selfish
individuals, the socialists believed that
society could and should be organized
as a community.
The socialists rejected the classical
economists' claim that the free market
was the best vehicle for producing and
distributing goods.
The earliest socialists, the so-called
utopian socialists, tended to advocate
some form of sexual liberation
alongside their critique of the market
economy, which cost them credibility.
EARLY SOCIALISM
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They believed some government would
put their ideas into practice.
Saint Simon in France advocated
rational management; after his death
in 1825, Saint-Simonian societies
carried on discussions of economics
and sexual politics.
Owen, a British cotton manufacturer,
combined a wholesome environment
for employees with a healthy profit for
himself at his factory in New Lanark.
Later he established the community of
New Harmony, Indiana, then returned
to Britain and organized the Grand
National Union, which collapsed in the
1830s
EARLY SOCIALISM
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Fourier, in France, identified
boredom as one of the great
problems of industrialized
work.
In the 1840s, anarchists
rejected industry and
government.
Blanqui called for
professional revolutionaries.
Proudhon encouraged
mutualism, which would
cause the state to become
unnecessary.
EARLY SOCIALISM
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Marxism gained dominance over other
socialist theories largely because of
Marx' extensive use of historical
examples in his writing, which allowed
him to claim scientific stature for his
theories, and because his theories
incorporated the scholarship and
intellectual tools developed by Hegel, the
French socialists, and the British
classical economists to – with Engels –
create an overarching explanatory model
that promised universal emancipation as
its endpoint.
Marx believed revolution, not reform,
was inevitable.
Though some of his predictions had
already been disproved by the mid-19th
century, his theories proved themselves
to be enormously appealing and
influential.
1848 – YEAR OF REVOLUTIONS
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Revolutions, each spurred by
particular local circumstances,
occurred throughout Europe in
1848.
All essentially ended in failure.
During the revolutions, middle
class liberals, who wanted
more representative
government, civil liberty, and
minimal economic regulations,
joined forces with the urban
working class, which sought
improved working and
economic conditions.
1848 – YEAR OF REVOLUTIONS
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Nationalists generally
hoped to use the
revolutions to further their
own ends.
Conservatives fought back,
however, and the middle
class/working class
marriages of convenience
tended to falter when the
political liberals had gotten
what they wanted and
refused to support working
class social demands.
1848 – YEAR OF REVOLUTIONS
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In France, king Louis Philippe abdicated in
February, 1848; in the new National
Assembly, moderates and conservatives
quickly displaced Paris radicals.
Napoleon's nephew, Louis Napoleon
Bonaparte, was elected president in
December, and in 1852 he proclaimed
himself emperor.
Between 1848 and 1852, French women
were politically active, but they were
suppressed again after 1852.
In the Habsburg Empire, Hungary called for
independence in March 1848.
Serfs were emancipated in Austria and
Hungary.
The Slavs held their first Pan-Slavic Congress
in the summer, in the process handing
Russia a tool that it would use against
western European countries.
1848 – YEAR OF REVOLUTIONS
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Northern Italy revolted against the
Habsburgs, but was quickly
suppressed.
In late 1848 and early 1849, revolt
spread throughout Italy, and the
French sent troops to protect the
pope until 1870.
In Prussia, Frederick William IV
went along with liberal demands
while it suited him, then reverted to
his own ways of reforming the
state.
In Germany, attempts to revise the
German Confederation failed and
led to a long-standing division
between German liberals and the
working class.
IN CONCLUSION
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Industrialization was
accompanied by social
change in 19th century
Europe.
Population migrated to the
cities, while married
women migrated out of the
paid workforce.
Elites were concerned
about the security of their
property, so police systems
and "reformed" prisons
sprang up throughout
Europe.
IN CONCLUSION
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Classical economists and
socialists sparred over the
best way to organize the
economy, and society more
generally.
When real revolution erupted,
as it did in much of Europe in
1848, conservative and
reactionary forces won the
day handily, and the liberal
middle class was politically
separated from the working
class for the foreseeable
future.