Transcript 1450-1750

1450-1750
Early Modern Period
Major Points
1.
2.
3.
4.
Shift in power to the West
World becomes smaller
New Empires
Age of Gunpowder
End of Post-Classical…
1. Independent societies (Aztecs, Incas)
falling apart
2. Arab power declining
3. New invasions – Mongols
4. Ottoman Empire gains power
5. Chinese flirt with trade, but Ming
bureaucrats pull back
6. Europe enters age of exploration
What’s Happening in the West
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Unusual agricultural civilization
New view of family – nuclear
Return to rational thought
Stable political structures
Religious reformers
The Global Economy
1. By 1750, almost everyone knows
everyone
2. Food exchange
3. Unequal relationships
4. Slaves and serfs
5. Diseases
Themes of this Unit
1. Declining emphasis of nomads
2. Direct relationships – ambassadors replace
intermediaries (Nomads)
3. Gender relations remain patriarchal
4. Labor relations change
5. A few commercial leaders get rich
6. Environmental changes
7. Native vegetation
8. Centralization of governments
9. Nation-states began to emerge
Larger Trends
1. Americas overwhelmed by outsiders
2. Three trends
a. Western expansion
b. Globalization of trade
c. Gunpowder
3. Reactions
a. Embrace by choice
b. Embrace by force
c. Choose to remain independent, involve in
trade on own terms
Why 1450?
a. End of the Middle Ages
b. Beginning of the Northern Renaissance –
away from Italian city-states
c. English evicted from France
d. Unified France began to exercise its power
e. Globalization of trade begins
f. Direct contact between Europe and subSaharan Africa/Americas
g. End of the Byzantine Empire
h. Ottoman Turks rise to power
Why 1750?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Europe on the cusp of the Industrial
Revolution
Shift in the global balance of power
Self-imposed isolation about to end
Colonization about to shift to imperialism
New world order
What to Know?

Examples of What You Need to Know for M/C
Neoconfucianism, but not specific Neoconfucianists
 Importance of European exploration, but not individual
explorers
 Characteristics of European absolutism, but not specific
rulers
 Reformation, but not Anabaptism or Huguenots
 Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, but not the Safavid
Empire
 Siege of Vienna (1688–89), but not the Thirty Years' War
 Slave plantation systems, but not Jamaica's specific slave
system
 Institution of the harem, but not Harem Sultan

Essay Topics
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Compare colonial administrations
Imperial systems: European monarchy compared with a land-based
Asian empire
Coercive labor systems: slavery and other coercive labor systems in
the Americas
Analyze the development of empire (i.e. general empire building in
Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas
Analyze the development of imperial systems: a European seaborne
empire compared with a land-based Asian empire.
Compare Russia's interaction with the West with the interaction of
one of the following (Ottoman Empire, China, Tokugawa Japan,
Mughal India) with the West
Compare Mesoamerican and Andean systems of economic exchange
Topics for Review
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Changes in Trade
Changes in Technology
Global Interactions
Role of Gender
Slaves & Coercive Labor systems
Demographic shifts
Cultural & Intellectual Developments
Major Empires

Europe, Ottomans, China (Ming & Qing), Spain & Port., Russia
(Peter & Catherine), France, England, Tokugawa Japan, Mughal
India, African kingdoms (Kongo, Songhai)
Changes in Trade: European
Exploration
• Causes
• Early:
Iberian
• Late:
Northern
• Colonization
• Patterns of
world trade
• Regions
outside the
new trade
patterns
• Commercial
Revolution
Changes in Technology
• Navigational
tecnology
–
–
–
–
–
Rudder
Lateen sails
Astrolabe
Compass
caravels
Global Interactions
• Colonization of the
Americas (north vs.
south)
• Columbian
Exchange
• Triangular Trade
Role of Gender
Remains patriarchal
 Marriage primarily an eco. arrangement
 Europe: limited access for small #s of
women
 Generalizations
 China: Influence of Confucianism
 Middle East: culture defines roles

Slaves & Coercive Labor systems
• Slave systems in the
Americas
• African slave trade
• Effects on Africa
Negra_vendendo_caju__Jean_Baptiste_Debret_1827.jpg
Demographic shifts
•
•
•
•
Diseases
Animals
New Crops
Comparative Population Trends
Cultural & Intellectual Developments
• Renaissance/Reformations/Scientific
Revolution/Enlightenment
Major Empires: Europe
1. Most monarchies
a. divine right ordained by God
2. Retain pure bloodlines to God
a. intermarriage among royal families of different nations
common
b. monarchies of one nation gained international influence
i. ties of marriage/inheritance led to alliances
3. Strong national loyalties
a. Led to internal/external conflicts
i. religious fights between Protestants and Catholics
ii. internal civil wars between monarch and nobles
iii. battles stemming from trade disputes between rival
nations
4. Spain/Portugal start off strong – England/France replace
The Ottoman
Ming & Qing China
Tokugawa Japan
Russia
Mughal India
African Kingdoms
Conclusion
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After 1400, a new world balance was being created. The Mongol
conquest caused the decline of Arab strength and opened
opportunities for new participants in the Islamic trade system. At
first, the Ming dynasty of China appeared poised to take over the
lead in world trade. When the Ming withdrew from international
leadership, the nations of western Europe began to assert
themselves. The emergence of western Europe was signaled by
internal changes that prepared the way for leadership. Changes
outside the Eurasian network in Africa, the Americas, and Polynesia
also affected the nature of international relationships.
After 1750, the West underwent a series of dramatic
transformations in politics, intellectual development, and
industrialization. The latter revolution altered basic social and
cultural patterns, enhanced Europe's position in the world, saw the
rise of new powers, and found European culture exported to settler
colonies such as the United States and Australia..
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