Transcript Russia/East Asia PPT - Northwest ISD Moodle

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Empires of Russia + Asia
1450-1750
AP World History
Rise of Empire: Russia
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Ivan the Great III (1440-1505)
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Ivan the Terrible IV (1533-1584)
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Creates a strong army
Used loyalties to the Orthodox Church
Increased power of the tsar
Deep distrust of powerful boyars; thought the
Byzantine Empire fell because of “feuding, and
disloyalty of it aristocrats, which had made it
impossible to present a united front against
Ottoman aggression."
Patterns of Expansion
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Cossacks
End independence of Central Asia
Became an empire before it was a State
Ivan the Great
Ivan the Terrible
Political Systems: Russia
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Tsarist Autocracy
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European-style military
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Bureaucracy
Pugachev Rebellion
Gunpowder
Western Expansion
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Western capital
Warm water port
Partition of Poland
Frequent wars with the
Ottoman Empire
Peter the Great
Consolidated autocracy in Russia and
brought country into European state
system
 Largest state in the world from Baltic to
Pacific Ocean
 Window to the sea and the Great Northern
War (contested the supremacy of the
Swedish empire in Northern Europe—why
important???)
 New Capital, St. Petersburg, a window
opened to Europe to replace the cultural
center of Moscow
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MC
Ivan the Great declared that the Russian empire
was the successor to which great empire?
A) Han China
B) Rome
C) Mongol Empire
D) The Ottoman Empire
E) The Golden Horde
MC
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Ivan IV, called Ivan the Terrible,
A) wished to confirm tsarist autocracy by attacking the
authority of boyars.
B) abandoned the principles of territorial expansion in favor
of centralizing power at home.
C) allied himself with the Russian aristocracy in a policy of
political decentralization.
D) was responsible for the incorporation of Poland into the
Russian empire.
E) destroyed the hold of the Vikings on Russia and eastern
Europe.
Social Systems: Russia
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Rise of Serfdom
 Encouraged by the government
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Made hereditary in 1649
 Strengthened by Catherine the Great--Despite
her 'enlightened views' serfs suffered worst
under Catherine.
Conditions of Serfs
 Serfs could be bought & sold
 Used village governments to regulate lives
 Illiterate and very poor
Led to rebellions
 Pugachev rebellion (or the Cossack Rebellion)
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Lacked the bureaucracy needed to control the people
Culture: Russia
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Westernization
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Peter the Great
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Traveled to the West to
study science &
technology
Modernized the military &
the economy
Women were given more
freedoms
Encouraged Western
culture
Peter the Great…Beard Trimmer
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In 1698, Emperor Peter I of Russia instituted a
beard tax to modernize the society of Russia
following European models. Those who paid the
tax were required to carry a beard token. This
was a copper or silver token with a Russian Eagle
on one side and on the other, the lower part of a
face with nose, mouth, whiskers, and beard. It
was inscribed with two phrases: "the beard tax
has been taken" and "the beard is a superfluous
burden".
Those who resisted the ban on beards were
forcibly and publicly shaved.
Beard Token
Culture: Russia
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Catherine the Great
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Enlightened despot
Built schools and hospitals
Religious tolerance
Patronized Western art
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Hermitage Museum
Censored political writings
that encouraged
democracy and abolition of
serfdom
Radischev--published a polemical
study of the problems in Russia
under Catherine the Great. Book
was immediately banned and
Radishchev sentenced, first to
death, then to banishment in
Catherine the Great
Catherine the Great
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Views on ruling…
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”I shall be an autocrat: that's my trade. And
the good Lord will forgive me: that's his.”
“In politics a capable ruler must be guided by
circumstances, conjectures and conjunctions.”
Hermitage
Museum
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
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Yuan Dynasty came to an end in 1368
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Chinese attempt to eliminate Mongol cultural
influence by emphasizing Chinese traditions
Ming Government
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Reestablished Confucian bureaucracy
Revived civil service exams
Reopened imperial academies
Moved capital to Beijing
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Built the Forbidden City
Expanded into Central Asia & Manchuria
Ming Dynasty
Forbidden City
Ming Economy
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New American crops expanded agriculture
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Sweet potato, maize, peanuts
Led to rapid population growth
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Population growth aided manufacturing by keeping
wages low
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Limited need for labor saving devices
Launched expeditions into the Indian Ocean
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Went from 100 million in 1500 to 225 million by 1750
Zheng He voyages
Limited trade with Europeans to Macao & Canton
“the Silver Sink”
Zheng He vs. Columbus
Ming Society
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Strengthened/ Returned to traditional
Chinese values
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Filial piety
Extended family system
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Females remained subordinate
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Emphasized loyalty to family
Footbinding continued
Female infanticide was not uncommon
Widows were discouraged from remarrying & widow
suicide was often encouraged
Confucian-based social hierarchy
MC
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All of the following were sources of
disappointment to the Europeans who arrived in
Asia in the 16th and 17th centuries EXCEPT
A) Asians were uninterested in European trade goods.
B) Asians were uninterested in converting to Christianity.
C) Asian civilization seemed materially impoverished.
D) the Europeans were too few in numbers to exert force
on Asian kingdoms.
E) Asian culture was thriving and diverse.
Ming Culture
Promoted Neo-Confucianism
 Emphasized Chinese tradition
 Literature
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Monkey, the Water Margin, etc.
Pottery (blue/white)
 the Great Wall
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Great Wall
Fall of the Ming Dynasty
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Internal economic collapse
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Flow of silver and Ming tax policies
Disruption of trade
 Extravagant lifestyle of the imperial family
 Declining efficiency of the government
 A series of famines in the early century
 Peasant revolts
 External invasions
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Manchu invaders easily defeated Ming dynasty
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Establish the Qing dynasty (1644-1912)
Which of the following statements concerning
Ming social organization is most accurate?
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A) The adoption of more Buddhist beliefs began to break
down the strict patterns of deference that had been
customary in Han and Song China.
B) Occupational alternatives for women of all social levels
dramatically expanded during the Ming era.
C) Among the groups granted almost total freedom from
the bonds of social status were the students seeking entry
into the scholar-gentry.
D) Under the continued influence of neo-Confucian
ideology, Ming society remained rigidly stratified with
emphasis on deference of youth to elders and women to
men.
E) Social roles were more flexible than before due to the
influence of Jesuit missionaries such as Matteo Ricci.
Qing (Manchu) Dynasty (1644-1912)
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Descendants of the Jurchen (northern nomads)—
another foreign ethnic group (Xiongnu, Mongols)
Became largest country in the world
Bureaucrats from the Ming pledged support due
to the weakness of previous emperors.
Like the Ming, highly centralized state
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Son of heaven mandate in place
Highly privileged and secluded life at the imperial court
Kowtow and creation of the “Theatre State”
Food production (new crops from New World)
leads to larger workforce, more goods
manufactured, & economic growth.
Qing (Manchu) Dynasty (1644-1912)
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Descendants of the Jurchen (northern nomads)—
another foreign ethnic group (Xiongnu, Mongols)
“Manchu and Han are one family”—the reality
was much different…
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Maintained racial separation from the Han (interracial
marriage forbidden)
Native Chinese forbidden from learning Manchu
language
Manchus received preferential judicial treatment and
reduced punishments.
Maintained diversity and Han dominance amongst the
scholar bureaucrats, but Manchus received more
prestigious appointments and higher salaries.
Unification of Japan
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Four centuries of feudal warfare ended in
1600 CE
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Oda Nobunaga (d. 1582)
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Toyotomi Hideyoshi (d. 1598)
Tokugawa Ieyasu (d. 1616)
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Introduced firearms to Japanese warfare
Made alliances with Christian missionaries
Finally unified Japan in 1603
Starting the Tokugawa Shogunate
Japan becomes a feudal
“monarchy”
Japanese Isolation
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Early support for foreigners replaced with
xenophobia
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Passed a series of seclusion acts
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Many rejected Chinese learning
Supported the “school” of National Learning
Japanese seclusion act of 1636
Limited influence of the West
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Dutch were limited to the port of Nagasaki
Some interest in Western ideas continued
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Schools of Dutch Studies
The isolationism of the Tokugawa
government included
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Forbidding Japanese from going abroad
Forbidding Chinese and Dutch merchants
from trading at Nagasaki
Forbidding scholars of neo-Confucianism
from teaching in Japan
Banning all foreign religions such as
Confucianism and Buddhism
All of the above
Answer: A
Tokugawa Culture
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Tea houses, brothels, theater, and public
baths were popular
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New forms of theater: kabuki & bunraku
(elaborate puppet shows)
Ukiyo-e or “woodblock prints”