Transcript Asia and Islamic Empires in Transition

Asia and Islamic
Empires in Transition
Time to pull out those maps....
Ming and Qing Empires
Here is your reference point - BEIJING
MING
Qing
FIRST - On your map mark the Ming
dynasty
SECOND - mark all the extended
boundaries that make the Qing dynasty
Ming Dynasty of China 1368-1600
MING
•Early experienced sailors - used boats called junks
•Spent $ on northern defense rather than explorations
•fortified Great Wall in N. China.
•gave land in area to soldiers for defense.
Restored Confucian ways.
Scholar gentry most important
merit system in securing gov’t offices
armers
artisans
merchants (lowest b/c they produce nothing)
Nothing foreign allowed - no trade - no foreign people - they considered
hemselves self sufficient
DECLINE 1644 Northern tribes united under Manchurian ruler take over.
Ming dynasty dies out.
Qing Dynasty of China 1644-1850
•Kept Chinese culture and society including Confucianism
•Made native traditional Han Chinese wear
queue (tail) to signify submission
•Traditional Manchu homeland only for
Manchurian - no intermarry - keep own language
•Economy - grows, specialization in areas
•canals
•silk road
•merchants become more important
•Society
•literature flourished. Philology - study of history of languages
•Decline
•corruption, disasters, foreigners pressure to be allowed to trade
•White Lotus Rebellions - peasants rebel.
•1796-1800 then off/on ‘til 1850
Qing
China and the Europeans
Chinese culture views outsiders as inferior barbarians
The Portuguese
o
Early 1500 Portuguese sailors work around coast to China. Some
trade
o
1557 – Trading station allowed at Macao
o
Jesuit missionaries
o
Astronomy open imperial court (they who had to predict such
things)
o
Powerful positions allowed.
o
Catholic converts w/in high officials
o
Influence imperial policy
Mark Macao
on your map
China and the Europeans
The British
o 1600 Tea – all the rage in Br. British East India Tea Company monopolized trade
o
Restrictions: must deal w/ only few Ch merchants. Special foreign
settlements
o
Two changes
o
Free trade ideas
♣
Reaction to mercantilism.
♣
Advocated by other tea merchants not in the loop of Br East India Co
♣
Asked Ch to open more ports – rejected
o
Opium Trade
♣
Trade w Ch meant lots of silver flowing out of Ch economy
♣
Trade was for cotton from India but not enough Ch buy
♣
Intro new product: Opium
♣
Devasted Ch society
♣
Huge trade imbalance.
♣
Br refuse to stop
China and the Europeans
The British
o o Opium War
o
1839-1842. British defeat the Chinese
o
1842 Treaty of Nanjing
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Hong Kong to Br. Special living places, enclaves, special rules,
extraterritoriality - until 1999 when it reverted back to China
o
More
o
Unequal treaties
o
More concessions Kwoloon land more ports
o
Now other foreign powers – Russia
France, etc. but not the U.S.
Mark Taiwan
on your map
Mark Hong
Kong on your
map
China and the Europeans
Rebellions
o
mid 1800s Hong Xiuguan Christian convert. Wants new
dynasty. Lots of destruction lots of damange in Yangtze River
Valley and in southern china
o
Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 (this after the White Lotus
Rebellion of earlier times (1796-1850)
o
Seriously weakened Qing dynasty
o
Foreign powers take advantage and estb more footholds
Japanese Shogunate
Mark Japan on your map
1500-1860
o
Late 1500s 3 daimyo emerge as leaders
Built a centralized feudal system in Japan
Japanese
Shogunate
Oda
Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
o
Either weakened diamyo by reducing territory and with sword hunt
among peasants.
o
Peasants may not become warriors
o
Invaded Korea 2x but Chinese helped Korea defeat Toyotomi
Tokugawa
Ieyasu
o Defeated his enemies. Capitol at Edo (now known as Tokyo).
o Clearly took or expanded territories of vassals (diamyo) as needed
o Tokugawa shogunate 200 yrs
o Feudalism + central monarchy.
o Peasants paid taxes to daimyo who were supported by samurai
o Tokugawa owned ¼ but didn’t rule directly.
o Didn’t personally tax whole population.
o *Japan remained politically and economically decentralized
o kept diamyo from making allies by requiring that they live in Edo every other year
– families in Edo as hostages – that was expensive for diamyo.
o This process transformed many diamyo from warrior to courtier
o *Tokugawa helped b/c strong central gov’t meant stability 200 yrs
o *kept trade restrictions and limited foreigners.
Japanese Shogunate
Foreign Control
o mid 1500s Portuguese in Japan. Brought
o Christianity - Jesuits
o Muskets – anti Samurai lifestyle
o Tokugawa shoguns conclude Christianity was threat – weaken their
authority
o Evicted Portuguese
o *island nation meant better able to achieve isolation than China
Japanese Shogunate
Change in Japan
o Like China – internal economic changes – production grew and
specialized
o *US Pres Millard Fillmore sent Commodore Matthew Perry
steamed into Tokyo bay in 1853 – amazing technology
o negotiated 1854 – Treaty of Kanagawa. 2 ports to US for food,
shelter
o signed similar treaties with GB, Fr etc
o foreigners estb. consulates – diplomatic offices
o 1858 – allow ministers, diplomats, extraterritoriality
o *1860 civil war in Japan…anti Tokuguawa forces calling for
change.
o New emperor – Meiji Rule
Ottoman Empire
Add to your map
Ottoman Empire
1396 1st Sultanate
Elite Army
o
Janissaries – young captured men, Christian slaves. Trained as Sultans personal
guard. Elite. Became powerful in political arena. Elite slave troops
Timur challenges the Ottomans
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Turkko-Mongol leader Timur interrupted Ottoman expansion invaded 1402
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Born Uzbekistan, claim descent from Genghis Khan
o
Timur dies
o
Civil war among Ottomans as to who next Sultan
o
Murad II took over and began to expand
o
Mehmed II Took Constantinople 1453 – renamed Istanbul
o
Suleyman greatest Sultan. 1520-1566. The Magnificent. Lawgiver.
o
Lawgiver
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Conquered Hungary 1526
o
Nearly took Vienna
o
Vienna limit but rule most of eastern Europe, western Asia, and Northern Africa
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Gov’t and Society
o
Sultans –
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Grand viziers. second in command to the sultan
o
Two groups
o
Sultans
o
Peasants known as reaya (protected flock)
o
Liquid status rank
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Meritocracy
Ottoman Empire
Decline
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Suleyman the Magnficent died 1566.
o
Navy and army strong but defeats at hands of
Europeans
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Phillip II 1571 navy against Ottomans
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Loss control of profitable silk and spice trade
o
Europeans open water trade routes
o
Corruption – internal bureaucratic struggles
o
French invaded Egypt 1798 (Napoleon) an Ottoman
possession
o
End 1923 when Turkey estb itself as a republic
The Safavid Empire
Add the Ottoman and
the Safavid Empire to
your map
Safavid Empire is in what today is Iran
The Mughal Empire
Add the Mughal Empire to your map
The Mughal Empire
1300 – 1500 India controlled by Turkish
Muslims.
Challenge by Rajputs – Indian warrior princes
♣This internal struggle drew attention of
neighbors.
♣Attack by Babur the Tiger – descendent of
Mongol leader Timur
oHe focused on India
♣1526 attacked Sultanate of Delhi.
♣Becomes core of Mughal Empire
♣
The Mughal Empire
Ruler Akbar
♣1556-1603.
♣Married Rajput princess
♣Gave other Rajputs gov’t positions
♣Used force.
♣Control most of N India
♣Intro improved tax syst – done on 10 yr average of
crop production- more equitable
♣
Religious
Policy
o
Tolerant
o
Repealed non
muslim tax
o
New creed
blend elements of Hindu, Islam, Jainism, Christianity
The Mughal Empire
Height of Empire
oShah Jahan 1628-1658
oTaj Mahal at Agra and Hall of Private
Audience. – expensive
♣
The Mughal Empire
Mystic Nanak united – Sikh faith
♣Devotion to one God
♣Lack of idols
♣Less rigid social sys
♣Conflicted with Hindu beliefs
♣1600s Sikhs become militant *enemies of
Mughal Empire and Muslims
o