Transcript Ch. 14 Empires of 1450 - 1750 Era slides

1450 - 1750
Empires:
Spanish Empire in the
Americas
Russian Empire
Ottoman and Safavid Empire
Mughal Empire
Ming and Qing Empire
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1.
European exploration and the
How
did Europe’sconquest
geography help of
its efforts
exploration? (2
Spanish
the atAmericas
reasons)
2. What 6 groups were motivated to explore shorter routes to Asia?
What inspired each group?
3. List advantages that Europeans had when conquering others?
4. How do documents on pages 659 - 662 help answer these
questions?
5. How do documents in pages 664 - 669 help answer these
questions?
6. How do documents in pages 670 - 671 help answer these
questions?
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What is the event shown below?
What impact did it have on:
The New World?
The Old World?
China?
Africa?
1500 - 1700
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The Atlantic Economy
The Commercial Revolution
Capitalism = investing wealth to produce more wealth = system
used by merchants
Mercantilism = the policy of European states that included
discouraging their citizens from trading with foreign merchants.
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English Navigation Acts 1660’s
the French Exclusif 1698
joint-stock companies
chartered companies
Amsterdam Exchange
The Middle Passage
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Spanish Empire
Government
Spanish king
Council of Indies - 1524 - Spain
Viceroys - Viceroyalties - Americas
(Hidalgos - Lesser Nobles - Peninsulares)
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Religion of the
Spanish Americas
• Roman Catholic Church powerful and
wealthy
• missionaries converted native population
• Bartolome de Las Casas
• The Black Legend
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How did the economy of South America
and the West Indies changed?
What new labor systems were
introduced?
The Economy
Forced Labor Systems:
the
encomienda
Spanish
Americas
silver - Potosi
the mit’a
tea, chocolate and coffee =
sugar
Brazil and West Indies
slavery
Read pages 636 - 637
The Portuguese in Brazil dominated sugar
production between 1570 - 1670.
By 1700 the West Indies had surpassed
Brazil as the world’s principal source of Impact: Deforestation and soil
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sugar.
What was the new social order in
Spanish Americas?
Peninsulares
Creoles
mestizos
(castas)
natives or Amerindians
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What was the new social order in Brazil
and the
Caribbean islands?
European whites
Creoles
mulattos
African slaves
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manumission = grant of freedom
maroons = runaways
Jamaica and Hispaniola
North America not an empire
English colonies:
Pilgrims and Separatists
Massachusetts Bay Company
Proprietor colony - New York
Proprietor colony - Quakers - William Penn
Virginia - crown-appointed governor
House of Burgesses - town representatives
Plantation economy of the Carolinas
Labor systems:
• Indentured Servants
• Slaves
French America: coureurs de bois “runners of the woods”
fur trade10
Compare the 3 different
types of colonial societies
that developed in the
Americas between 1500 and
1750.
pages 631 - 639
Compare them on the new economies,
social order and religions they brought
to the Americas
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Russian Empire 1480’s Before Peter the Great:
1917Cossacks
used for conquest -
Romanov Dynasty
Peter the Great
1682 - 1724
Siberia
read pages 639 - 643
Two goals:
• Expansion
•expanded army, built navy
•Great Northern War
•St Petersburg = Window on the West
• Controls nobles - boyars - Table of Ranks
• Westernization - changes boyars’ appearance
Those opposed:
• Old Believers
Slavic
population
Catherine the Great 1762 - 1796
continues with same goal
gets a warm-water port
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China:
Ming Dynasty 1368 - 1644
Qing (Ch’in) Manchu Dynasty 1644 - 1908
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Ming Dynasty
Mingware
Yongle ruled 1403-1424
Zheng He expeditions 1405-1433
China is enjoying a favorable balance
of trade (silk, porcelain, cotton for
silver)
How did the Ming Dynasty collapse?
They asked for military help from the Manchu forces in the north
again Japanese invasions in1592 and 1598.
The Manchu then claimed China for their own and set up the
Qing Dynasty - a non-Chinese dynasty
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Qing Empire
see map on page 644
1557 Portuguese allowed to set up a trading port in Macao
VOC representatives kowtowed to Chinese emperor
Catholic missionaries accompanied Portuguese and Spanish
merchants
Jesuit Matteo Ricci spent years at Beijing as a Western
scholar
Rule of Kangxi (1662 - 1722) - welcomed Jesuit advisers,
China is opened to westerners during his rule
Qianlong (1736 - 1796) also welcomed Westerners
The Canton system
Macartney Mission 1792 fails because he refuses to kowtow
Meanwhile Qing Empire is getting too big to sustain.
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Gunpowder Empires:
Ottoman, Safavid and
Mughal
Islamic, Land-Based Empires
autocratic rulers, expansion through military conquest
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1450 - Delhi Sultanate
The Mughal Empire rules India
see map on page 645
1526
1858
Akbar - grandson of Babur r. 1556-1605 - peak of Mughal power
Babur founder of Mughal Dynasty
known for his policy of religious toleration
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improved Hindu/Muslim relations, even creates new belief “Divine Faith”
promotes Hindu Rajputs (regional leaders) to high positions in military and
bureaucracy
they became mansabdars - officials holding land grants
abolish the jizya, head tax on non-Muslims
Akbar’s grandson, Aurangzeb (1658 - 1702) brought back restrictions
on Hindus.
nawab - title of Muslim deputies who broke away from Mughal rule
and established independent states - for example the nawab of
Bengal
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Ottoman Empire
1300 - 1922
Anatolia
• 1453 Sultan Mehmed I captures Constantinople =
Istanbul
• Peak of power = Suleiman the Magnificent 1520 1566
• 1529 Siege of Vienna
• 1683 Siege of Vienna
• Recruiting for the Janissary - army
•the devshirme
•Balkan Christian boys
• Janissaries make up the infantry
• New artillery too heavy for cavalry
• Infantry becomes new elite army
•1571
Janissaries
will at
rise
to power
sea battle
Lepanto
against
Spain
shows a weak navy
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Sultan
grand vizier
Japan (not an empire)
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1543 first Portuguese ship arrives at Japan with their weapons - this “gunpowder
revolution” led to the rise of a new shogunate - Tokugawa Shogunate
Catholic missionary Francis Xavier, a Jesuit tries to convert
By 1600 there were 300,000 Japanese Christians
Tokugawa Shogunate 1603 - 1868
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Edo new capital - Tokyo
Trade prospered
Hostility towards Christians begin
1617 persecution of Christians
1633 and 1639 decrees order end of European trade
Dutch and Japanese were able to trade only in Nagasaki - Japan learned about
advances in Europe through this one opening of trade - known as “Dutch studies”
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Japa
n
Explain the status of merchants in Japan in the
1700’s
Describe the incident and its
significance in explaining the
changes occurring in Japan.
Forty-Seven Ronin
incident of 1701-1703
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