Transcript Revolutionary Outbreaks 1848

REVOLUTIONARY
OUTBREAKS
1848
Pre-1848
Deliberations in Vienna-1815
Congress of Vienna Decisions
• Principle of Legitimacy
– reconstructed the Old
Order
• Principle of Intervention
– keep the monarchs on the
throne
• Concert of Europe
– designed a Continental
balance of power
Age of Metternich
• Conservatism
– leadership style of European
ministers
– tradition as the basic source of
human institutions
– Metternich was the prototype
– defense of the status quo
• European
– not a citizen of a single country
• Liberals & Nationalists
– the enemy to do battle against
do not respect authority
Age of Metternich
a/k/a
Concert of Europe
• Balance of power meant an
international equilibrium of
political and military forces
– discourage aggression by any
state or combination of states
– discourage the domination of
Europe by any single state
• ensure future peace
Congress of Vienna Decisions
• Agreed to meet periodically to discuss their
common interests
• Agreed to consider appropriate measures for the
maintenance of peace in Europe
• Holy Alliance (Austria, Prussia and Russia)
created in September 1815 became a symbol of
the repression of liberal and revolutionary
movements all over Europe
1820
UPRISING
and
REVOLUTIONS
ITALY
SPAIN
GREECE
Russia
1830
REVOLUTIONS
Greece
France
Netherlands/Belgium
Poland
Italy
Germany
1848
INFLUENCES
• ROMANTICISM
• NATIONALISM
• LIBERALISM
– these are the three most serious of the revolutionary
movements
– as well as the new socioeconomic conditions
FRANCE
• Louis Philippe
The ‘Bourgeoisie Monarch’
(r. 1830-1840)
Results of 1830
• THE JULY REVOLUTION-SUCCESSFUL
• Provisional government of moderate propertied
liberals
• Louis-Philippe (r.1830-1848) {cousin of Charles X}
becomes the constitutional king
• New monarchy in place
• Focus on the upper middle class {bourgeoisie}
• Lower classes disappointed
Results of 1830
[seems liberal]
• Censorship abolished
• Catholicism is the religion of the majority
• King had to work with the Chamber of
Deputies to make laws
Consequences
not so liberal
• Heredity Peerage abolished yet Landed wealthy
major influence in government
• Corruption—crown can be bought
• Lower classes ignored – conditions getting
worse
• Worker revolts put down by the French Army in
1831, 1832 and 1834
Another French Revolution
• Workers and students lead street riots in Paris
on February 22-23, 1848 over not receiving the
vote and the corruption of the King
• Louis Philippe abdicated on February 24 in
favor of his grandson BUT the mob insisted on
a provisional government
• Mob refuses to put Louis Philippe’s grandson
on the throne
• Instead Mob orders the government to proclaim
the SECOND FRENCH REPUBLIC
Revolution of 1848
• Provisional government divided between two
major groups
• the RIGHT – led by the poet, Lamartine; the Right favored a
moderate republic although they did concede to the influence of
the Socialists and agreed (if in control of the government) to
establish national workshops so the they (the Right) would gain
the support of the people and win the elections. The National
Workshops would train people for jobs, distribute food and
guarantee each man some source of income until he could find a
job.
• the LEFT - led by the socialist, Louis Blanc, favored of a
republic with broad economic and social changes; they wanted to
establish NATIONAL WORKSHOPS (utopian social
workshops operated and owned by the workers with the
financial backing of the government)
Revolution of 1848
• National elections in April, 1848 resulted in a
National Assembly dominated by Lamartine’s
group
• Worsening depression and rising unemployment
• Radical group invaded the National Assembly
on May 15 in an attempt to set up a more
socialist government - - not successful
• By the end of May the government could not
continue to finance the workshops and
dissolved them
Revolution of 1848
• Workers took to the streets in the JUNE DAYS (June
23-26) - - true class warfare on a large scale with bloody
street fighting (Les Miserable)
• Provisional government frightened - - gave dictatorial
powers to the elderly GENERAL CAVAIGNAC to d
put down the revolt
• National Assembly drafted a new constitution which
called for a unicameral legislature
• Anyone serving in the National Assembly was
automatically a legislator without having to stand for
election for the Constitutional Assembly
1848 Results
• National elections for a
president in December,
1848
• Louis Napoleon, the
nephew of Napoleon
Bonaparte, defeated
General Cavaignac in a
landslide victory
• December 20, 1848,
Louis Napoleon was
installed as the President
of the Second French
Republic
ITALY
Another Italian Revolution
• Revolt began when liberals in Sicily demanded a
liberal constitution; successful
• Revolt spreads to other Italian states (Naples,
Tuscany, Piedmont and the Papal States) which
demanded and received liberal constitutions.
• Austria is too busy with its own revolutions to
notice Italian revolts so revolution spreads to
the Papal States
• Revolution breaks out in Rome
Revolution of 1848-9
• Pope Pius IX flees and the revolutionaries declared the
ROMAN REPUBLIC in February, 1849
• Two key figures:
– GUISEPPE MAZZINI, the “heart and soul of Italy”
• We have met
– and GUISEPPE GARIBALDI, the “sword of Italy”
• Member of the Young Italy
Giuseppe Mazzini
(1805-1872)
Young Italy
(founded 1831)
Giuseppe Garibaldi
(1807-1882)
Member of Young Italy
(1833-1870)
Red Shirts
(founded 1860)
1848-1849 Results
• Pope Pius IX ask for help from France (a good
Catholic nation)
• Louis Napoleon sends French troops to restore the
Pope - - extensive fighting between the Italians and
the French
• Garibaldi performs brilliantly but outnumbered
• By August, 1849, Austrians have put down the
revolt in Vienna
• Regain control of Italian peninsula
AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
• OOPS! TROUBLE AT HOME
• HODGEPODGE of diverse nationalities,
stirred by the spirit of nationalism - experiences several revolts in its territories:
– Vienna
– Bohemia: revolt of the Czechs
– Hungary: revolt of the Magyars - - the most serious
revolt
VIENNA
• March, 1848 News of French revolution inspired
students and workers
• Demonstrations for more liberal government
• Fighting breaks out between revolutionaries and the
government forces
• Metternich (yes, he’s still around!) flees in fear
• Emperor Ferdinand I agrees to a constitution
• Not liberal enough for the people
• Second wave of revolts occur
• Royal family flees Vienna -- May, 1848
VIENNA
• Hungarians revolt, march toward Vienna to join the
rebels
• Austrian imperial forces remain loyal to crown
• Defeat both the Viennese and the Hungarian rebels
• Rebel leaders executed
• Army in control
• Ferdinand I forced to abdicate in December, 1848 in
favor of his eighteen-year-old nephew, Francis Joseph,
• Full absolutism restored.
Bohemia: revolt of the Czechs
• Czechs force Vienna to grant them a constitutional
assembly for the Kingdom of Bohemia
• Pan-Slav Congress (meeting in Prague) demanded equal
rights for all people in the Austrian Empire
• Germans and Czechs get involved in a series of street
brawls
• Germans feel threatened by the ethnic minorities
• Austrian army invades Prague and revolt crushed
HUNGARY: revolt of the Magyars
• Revolution led by LOUIS KOSSUTH, the “hero of
Hungarian Nationalism
• Magyars (the name used to describe the Hungarians)
• demand autonomy (self-government) for Hungary
• Problem occurs when the Magyars claim lands which
include other ethnic minorities (Croats, Serbs and
Romanians)
• Magyars refuse to grant these ethnic minorities any
liberties
• Germans feel threatened by the ethnic minorities
• Hungarians revolt, march toward Vienna to join the
rebels
LOUIS KOSSUTH
(1802-1894)
HUNGARY: revolt of the Magyars
• Rebels proclaim the HUNGARIAN REPUBLIC,
April, 1849
• Louis Kossuth is president
• Austrian troops (aided by 100,000 Russian troops
provided by Tsar Nicholas I) invaded Hungary
• Revolution crushed
• most of the leaders executed --although
• Kossuth fled to Turkey
Results of the Austrian
Revolutions
• Austrians use the divisions between the various ethnic
groups to keep the revolutions from being successful
•
•
•
•
Metternich in exile - - writing his memiors
Franz Joseph becomes emperor and will rule until 1919
Absolutist rule is restored in Vienna
Hungarians pledge to HATE RUSSIANS forever
• Only positive gain: emancipation of peasants from
feudal burdens
GERMAN STATES
Congress of Vienna Decision
• Renamed the Napoleonic Confederation of the
Rhine
• New Name—the German Confederation
• The number of German states would remain at
38
• This is the only decision of Napoleon that was
retained
German States
• Inspired by the French
• Demonstrations break out all across the provinces
• FRANKFURT ASSEMBLY (1848-1849): an elected
parliament which met to discuss unification of the
German provinces—called a Special Meeting
• Frankfurt Assembly decided a strong leader was needed
to serve the new united German states
• Offered the position of Emperor of a United Germany
to King Frederick William IV of Prussia, as a
constitutional monarchy
German States
• Frederick William believes in “divine right”
• Rudely refuses to serve as emperor - - this is an
ELECTED assembly offering to make him emperor
• Frederick William compares this gross action as asking
him to “pick up a crown from the gutter!”
• Has his own plans for unifying the German states - (which probably would not include an elected middleclass assembly)
• Austria gets wind of Frederick William’s plans and
mobilizes its forces
German States
• Prussia responds by mobilizing its forces
• Russia decides to back Austria (once again) and Prussia
feels threatened
• Prussia and Austria meet in November, 1850
• Austria forces Prussia to back down on any ideas of
unification
• Meeting known as the “HUMILIZATION OF
OLMUTZ.”
REVOLUTION RESULTS
SUCCESSES
• FRANCE (again)
FAILURES
• ITALIAN STATES (again)
• AUSTRIA
• GERMAN STATES