Transcript congress of vienna - Modern World History

CONGRESS OF VIENNA
• Peace Settlement
• The need to restore order to Europe
CONSERVATIVISM
• Reaction against the ideals of the French
Revolution & Enlightenment
• Aristocrats & wealthy business owners lost
the most - with changes in social order
Edmund Burke
• British conservatives believed that society
required nobility and monarchy to run an
effective and secure government
LIBERALISM
• Called for individual freedom
• Equality under the law
• Freedom of thought and religion
RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS
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Merchants
Doctors
Lawyers
University Students
Intellectuals
Demanded rights gained for citizens
resulting from French Revolution
MIDDLE CLASS DEMANDS
• 1. Written Constitution
• 2. Parliamentary Government
• 3. Natural rights preserved
LIBERALS
• Liberal liberals• Wanted republics with universal suffrage
• Moderate Liberals • Wanted republic whereby the upper class
and the educated ran the government and
only these groups could vote.
NATIONALISM
• DEFINED AS • People who speak the same language
• Have similar culture and beliefs
• Take great pride in culture
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
1815
• Conservative theory
• 1. Reinstate all former monarchies to their
rightful thrones (Legitimacy)
• 2. Restore the balance of power in Europe
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KEY PLAYERS
OF THE CONGRESS OF
VIENNA
RUSSIA PRUSSIA AUSTRIA FRANCE ENGLAND -
Czar Alexander I
King Fredrick William III
Emperor Francis I (Host)
PrinceTalleyrand
Lord Castlereagh
PRINCE METTERNICH OF
AUSTRIA
• Diplomat from Austria who facilitated the
proceedings at the Congress of Vienna
• Arch Conservative
METTERNICH’S AGENDA
• 1. Despised liberal ideas of the French
Revolution
• 2. Liberty and Equality caused wars for 25
years
• 3. Disliked Nationalism • Especially in Austria (many different
cultures in Austria)
TROUBLE WITH PEACE
TALKS
• 1. Wanted old order
• 2. Prussia & Russia hoped to gain additional
territory
• Prussia wanted Saxony-Russia wanted
Poland
• 3. Balance of Power in Europe jeopardized
• 4. England & France agreed to an alliance
if Russia & Prussia forced the issue
• 5. Prussia & Russia backed off
CHANGES IN THE MAP OF
EUROPE 1815
• Switzerland independent again
• Netherlands gained Belgium - made a
kingdom
• Kingdom of Sardinia gained Piedmont in
Northern Italy
• Lombardy &Venice controlled by Austria
• Prussia gained French territory - not as
much as it anticipated
CHANGES IN THE MAP OF
EUROPE 1815
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Russia kept Finland & Poland
Sweden gained Norway
England confiscated territory overseas
(Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa)
German Confederation formed
39 German states allied dominated by
Austria
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
• Legitimacy- restore rightful monarchs who
were removed from the throne by war
• Put legitimate rulers in control
• Monarchies restored
• Spain
• Portugal
• Sardinia
• Papal States to the Pope
ALLIANCES
• Quadruple Alliance & the Concert of
Europe met to protect border changes in
Europe
• Holy Alliance - all European leaders agreed
to follow Christian theories of charity and
peace in their countries and in diplomacy
• Great Britain (England) did not participate
claiming they already did this and did not
need to sign an agreement to do so.
METTERNICH SYSTEM
• Blocked formulation of new ideas based on
liberal thinking
• 1. Burned and censored books &
newspapers
• 2. Liberals imprisoned
CARLSBAD DECREES
1819
• German States set up a spy system to rat
out liberals
• Ordered censorship
• The students at the Universities were
trouble for Metternich
• Metternich believed in intervening in
University affairs
• Liberal Professors were fired!!!
CHALLENGES TO
CONSERVITISM
• Multiple Liberal and Nationalist
organizations organized secret societies
• Printed newspapers
• Gathered arms
• Planned attacks on the conservatives
SPAIN
1815-1823
• Ferdinand VII (Bourbon) restored to the
throne
• Imprisoned liberals
• 1820 Army officers led a rebellion and
demanded a new constitution
• France sent troops and put down revolt
(1823)
• Ferdinand punished leaders of the revolt
Italy
1820
• Reformers wanted to unite all Italian states
• Remove Austrian rule
• Austrian troops crushed rebellions
• Reform movement leaders executed
RUSSIA
DECEMBER 1825
• Secret military revolutionary groups formed
• French influence ideals wanted to
westernize Russia
• Rioted in streets
• Nicholas I new czar put down Decemberist
Revolt (1825)
• Leaders killed or sent to Siberia
• Czar set up Secret Police to spy on Liberals
GREECE 1821
ONLY SUCCESSFUL REVOLT
• 1821 Greek Patriots rebelled against
Ottoman Turks
• 1827 Aid from GB, France, Russia sent
troops to fight against Muslims
• 1829 Greece won independence from
Ottoman Empire
• Why was this revolt successful?
FRANCE 1830
JULY REVOLUTON
• Students & workers built barricades and
sang “Marseilles”
• Soldiers refused to fire on crowds
• French king exiled to GB
FRENCH MODERATES
NAME NEW KING
• Louis Phillipe - “Citizen King”
• Preferred upper and upper middle classes
• All policies favored those groups
• Still popular
• 3% of Adult Male Population could Vote
BELGIUM 1830
• Belgium rebelled against the Dutch
(Netherlands)
• Belgium - Catholic
• Netherlands - Protestant
• Belgium claimed independence 1831
• Europe recognized Belgium as independent
POLAND
• Polish students & soldiers rebelled against
Russia
• Russia crushed revolt
• Czar Nicholas I put down revolt and
cracked down on Poland because of revolt
ROMANTIC MOVEMENT
• Romanticism - artistic & intellectual
movement late 1700’s-1800’s
• Shaped by political & social events
• Enlightenment and French Revolution
• Romantics stressed free expression of
emotion
• Unleashing of human imagination
ROMANTIC MOVEMENT
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William Wordsworth - Love of Nature
Strumand Drang - storm and stress
People struggling against society
Gothic Novels
Mary Shelly- Frankenstein
Charlotte Bronte - Jane Eyre
Emily Bronte - Wurthering Heights
ROMANTIC MOVEMENT
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Art
Paintings dramatic colors
show feelings inspired by nature
Storms- dark colors - high seas
Eugene DeLaCroix - Master at creating
tragic scenes
ROMANTIC MOVEMENT
• Sir Walter Scott - Ivanhoe &Rob Roy
• Victor Hugo -The Hunchback of Notre
Dame
• Alexander Dumas - The Three Muskateers
ROMANTIC MOVEMENT
MUSIC
• OPERAS - Wagner - Verdi
• Symphonies
• Beethoven - Chopin - Liszt - Schubert Tchaikosy
ECONOMIC CRISIS
1846-1848
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Potato famine in Ireland
Drought in Europe
Food shortages
Food prices skyrocketed
Riots
Unemployment
Businesses failed
FRANCE ECONOMIC AND
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
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Discontent of the Middle Class
1. Resentment of laws stating no strikes
2. Change in voting rights
3. Corruption in Louis Phillipe’s reign
added to problems in France
• Radical changes were suggested
SOCIALISM
RADICAL FORMULA
• Socialism - Public ownership of factories,
banks and industries
• Wealth divided more evenly among the
people
1848 REVOLUTION
• February 22, 1848 - mobs rioted in Paris
• Louis Phillipe escaped incognito
• 2nd French Republic declared
• Committee of 10 directed the government
1848 REVOLUTION
• Louis Blanc - wanted changes for the
workers
• National Workshop was put into place to
give jobs to people in need of work
• 200,000 signed up
• 120,000 got low paying jobs
• Still expensive for taxpayers
1848 Revolution
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Liberal idealists were voted out of office
Conservative delegates gained control
June 1848 Govenment closed workshops
Barricades were set up in the streets
Government soldiers and workers battled for 3
days
• 10,000 wounded or killed
• Thousands imprisoned
1848 Revolution
• Fear gripped the French moderates
• Afraid of Socialism and Conservatism
• French Assembly Changed the Constitution
• 1848 Popular election
1848 REVOLUION
• 1848 French voters elected nephew of
Napoleon - Louis Napoleon
• Conservative
• Popular until legislature disagreed with him
and he disbanded it
• Dictatorship began
• 1852 crowned Emperor Napoleon II
FRANCE
• 1848 - SECOND REVOLUTION
• 1848 - SECOND REPUBLIC
• 1852 - SECOND EMPIRE
AUSTRIA
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Population made up of
Czechs Slovaks
Poles Slovenes
Serbs Italian
Romanian
NATIONALISM IN AUSTRIA
• Revolts in Vienna and Bohemia
– 1. Wanted a constitution
– 2. End feudalism
– 3. King Ferdinand gave in and fired Metternich
BOHEMIA
CURRENT DAY CZECH
REPUBLIC
• Prague
– 1. Rebellions broke out
– 2. Demanded constitution
– 3. Demanded that both Czech & German be
spoken in school and in government offices
HUNGARY
• Magyars last group of Hungarians
• March 1848 Kossuth demanded more self
government
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1. New constitution
2. Guaranteed freedom of religion and press
3. Give voting rights to all property owners
4. Magyar domination bad for other ethnic
groups
HUNGARY 1848 CIVIL WAR
• Serb-Croat troops with the help of other non
Magyars fought against Louis Kossuth and
Magyar armies
• April 1849 Magyars won
• Independence 1849
HUNGARY
• NEW HAPSBURG KING IN AUSTRIA
• Frances Joseph asked Czar Nicholas I for
help
• Russians attacked Hungary from the east
• Austria attacked Hungary from the west
• The Magyars lost
ITALY
• 1838 Mazzini started a secret society called
Young Italy
• 1848 Revolts in Venice and Milan
• King of Sardinia declares war on Austria
• Pope left Rome & Roman Republic was
formed
• Mid 1849 Austrians retook Venice & Milan
• Defeated the Sardinians
ITALY
• France sent troops to Italy and defeated the
Italians
• Sent the Pope back to Rome
GERMANY
• 1848 Workers and liberals rebelled in the
streets of Berlin
• King Fredrick William IV of Prussia gave a
constitution and assembly
• German rulers went along with changes and
set up assemblies
FRANKFORT ASSEMBLY
• Planned to confederate and unite German
states with the exception of Austria
• Asked William IV to be Emperor
• He declined - wondering who were they to
ask him to be emperor when he was a king
and they were only citizens
• King William IV disbanded Frankfort
Assembly