Transcript 1750-1900

1750-1900
By: Bryce Dillard
Origins of Industrial Revolution
• the total of the changes in economic and
social organization that began in 1760 in
England, characterized mainly by the
replacement of hand tools with power-driven
machines, as the power loom and the steam
engine, and by the concentration of industry
in large establishments.
Industrial Revolution: New Machines
• Cotton mill, cotton gin, steam engine, and
textile engine.
Effects of Industrial Revolution on
Society
• Industrialization was driven by innovation in
technology and the use of steam power, and
had an extremely significant impact on the
economy and the demographic make-up of all
countries.
Political and Economic Effects of
Industrialization
• Political- the government policy of the early years of
industrialization was based on a theory of laissez faire.
According to this theory, business men should be free
to look after their own interest and that the
government was not to interfere with the business of
the private industry.
• Economic- The economy of the country becomes more
stable, as there is no reliance on agriculture. The
foreign exchange earning increased with the export of
manufactured goods.
Factory System: Social Impact
• Some women were needed to work in the
factories. This gave them more opportunities
and freedoms. But some children were
needed and this was not a good thing.
Factory System: Economic Impact
• People didn't have to work as hard to get
things they needed; resources and other
things were there and easy to buy.
American Revolution: Causes
• The British imposes various taxes and acts on
the colonists. The Tea Act is what boiled them
over.
• The Boston Tea Part and the Boston Massacre
were two main events that spurred this
revolution.
American Revolution: Impact
• An impact was that the American colonies
were now an independent nation. They could
make the rules, prices, jobs, everything.
French Revolution: Causes
• social cause - The French society was divided into three
estates , the first two were the clergy and nobility and the
third estate consisted of merchants, businessmen, lawyers
and peasants. The third estate didn't had equal rights and
the other estates enjoyed other privileges.
economic cause- third estate had to pay all the taxes
imposed by the king as the other estates were exempted
from it. The prices of bread rose and there was subsistence
crisis.
immediate cause- Rumors spread that the king will order
his troops to attack Paris ( as people were revolting) and
then 4000- 5000 people gathered and formed people's
militia.
National Assembly
• a legislative body consisting of the elected
representatives of a nation or country
French Revolution: Convention to
Napoleon
• A revolution that began in 1789 that
overthrew the absolute monarchy and ended
with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory
and confiscation of power in 1799.
Napoleon Bonaparte
• French general who became emperor of the
French. (1769-1821)
Congress of Vienna
• conference discussing territory after
Napoleonic Wars: a congress held in Vienna
between 1814 and 1815 to deal with the
territorial and jurisdictional problems
remaining after the defeat of Napoleon in the
Napoleonic Wars.
Latin American Independence
Movements
• Widespread rebellions against the Spanish to
try to gain independence in Latin American
countries, Simon Bolivar was a leader of the
movement.
Simon Bolivar
• Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of
South American colonies against Spanish rule.
He founded Bolivia in 1825. (1783-1830)
Haitian Revolution
• The Haitian Revolution was a slave revolt in
the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which
ended with the elimination of slavery there
and the founding of the Haitian republic.
(1791-1804)
Toussaint-Louverture
• Haitian military and political leader who led a
successful slave rebellion (1791-1793) and
helped the French expel the British from Haiti
(1798).
Conservatism in Europe
• Conservatism developed in Restoration England
from royalism. Royalists supported absolute
monarchy, arguing that the sovereign governed
by divine right. They opposed the theory that
sovereignty derived from the people, the
authority of parliament and freedom of religion.
The party, which was renamed the Conservative
Party in the 1830s, returned as a major political
force after becoming home to both protective
aristocrats and free market capitalists in an
uneasy agreement.
Liberalism in Europe
• A political movement that supports a broad
tradition of individual liberties and a
constitutionally-limited and democratically
accountable government.
Nationalism
• desire for political independence, the wanting
to achieve political independence, especially
by a country under foreign control or by a
people with a separate identity and culture
but no state of their own.
Socialism
• political system of communal ownership: a
political theory or system in which the means
of production and distribution are controlled
by the people and operated according to
equality and fairness rather than market
principles.
Karl Marx
• Founder of modern communism; wrote the
Communist Manifesto in 1848. (1818-1883)
Unification of Germany
• Unified under Bismarck used spirit of
nationalism provoked by the Napoleonic wars;
nationalist based on language and religion and
culture. Bismarck was able to use conservative
nationalism to create modern nation-state;
huge German power in the center of Europe
caused imbalance of power. (1871)
Otto von Bismarck
• German statesman, first chancellor of modern
German Empire 1871–90.
Italian Unification
• The period of or the movement for the
liberation and political unification of Italy,
beginning about 1750 and lasting until 1870.
Zionism
• A worldwide Jewish movement that resulted
in the establishment and development of the
state of Israel.
Crimean War (1853-1856)
• A war between Great Britain, France, Turkey,
and Sardinia on one side, and Russia on the
other. It was fought mainly in the Crimea.
Emancipation of Serfs in Russia (1861)
• Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia;
serfs did not obtain political rights and had to
pay the aristocracy for lands gained.
New Imperialism: Causes
• Search for new markets and competition for
these new markets. Want to gain profit from
places such as Asia and Africa. Need for
natural recourses such as coal to help power
industries.
“The White Man’s Burden”
• the alleged duty of the white race to care for
subject peoples of other races in its colonial
possessions.
Social Darwinism
• The statement of Darwinism to the study of
human society, specifically a theory in
sociology that individuals or groups achieve
advantage over others as the result of genetic
or biological superiority.
Direct vs. Indirect Control (of Colonial
Possessions)
• A direct rule is a system of government
controls the states or provinces. Indirect rule
is a type of European colonial policy.
Sepoy Rebellion
• a revolt of the sepoy troops in British India
resulting in the transfer of the administration
of India from the East India Company to the
crown. (1857-1859)
Indian National Congress (INC): Origins
• The largest political party in India, founded in
December 1885. It’s goal was economic
reform and a bigger role in policy making for
India.
King Leopold
• King of Belgium.
Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
• A meeting between European nations to
create rules on how to peacefully divide Africa
among them for colonization.
Opium War: Causes
• British aggression and expansionalism. Opium became the most valuable product
trade in the 19th century and funded most of
Britain's colonization of India. The amount of
drug addicts increased to about 12.5 million in
1836. Manchu's corrupt government refused
to trade with the British.
Opium War: Results
• British gained rights in Chinese ports.
Extraterritoriality - Foreign citizens were
subject to their home laws. After 2 wars in
1839, the Chinese realized they couldn't win
and gave up.
Taiping Rebellion (1850s and 1860s)
• An unsuccessful rebellion led by Hung Hsiuch'üan (Hong Xiuquan), that attempted to
overthrow the Manchu dynasty. (1850-1864)
Self-Strengthening Movement
• A Chinese military and political reform
movement. It attempted to adapt Western
institutions and military innovations to
Chinese needs.
Spheres of Influence
• region of dominance, a geographic region or
area of activity in which a state, organization,
or person is dominant.
Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900)
• rebellion in China in 1900, it was unsuccessful,
the objective was to drive out all foreigners,
remove all foreign influence, and force
Chinese Christians to give up their religion.
Monroe Doctrine
• U.S. foreign policy statement, the political
belief, that Europe should not involve itself in
the American continent by exerting influence.
The policy was part of the U.S. recognition of
the independence of several Latin American
countries.
Spanish-American War (1898-1899)
• A war between Spain and the United States in
1898. Spain gave up Puerto Rico, the
Philippine Islands, and Guam to the United
States and abandoned all claim to Cuba.
U.S. Open Door Policy
• the policy of granting equal trade
opportunities to all countries.
Opening of Japan
• Japan opened its ports for trades. This allowed
a lot of countries to trade with them.
Meiji Restoration
• both the events of 1868 that led to the
"restoration" of power to the emperor and the
entire period of revolutionary changes that
coincided with the Meiji.
Sino-Japanese War
• the war between China and Japan over the
control of Korea that resulted in the small
independence of Korea and the Chinese
cession to Japan of Formosa and the
Pescadores. (1894-1895)
Decline of Ottoman Empire
• The period that followed after the
unproductivity of the Ottoman Empire (11/12
September 1683 – 20 October 1827) in which
the empire experienced several economic and
political setbacks. Directly affecting the
Empire at this time was Russian imperialism.
Muhammad Ali
• A viceroy of Egypt, and is sometimes
considered the founder of modern Egypt.
(1769-1849)
Steam Engine
• engine powered by steam: including a
flywheel attached to a reciprocating piston
that is driven by the wide action of steam
generated in a boiler
Interchangeable Parts
• Identical components that can substitute one
for another, important in manufacturing and
mass production, which transformed the
organization of work. This came about by the
development of the machine-tool industry in
19th-century. With this equipment, large
numbers of identical parts could be produced
at low cost and with a small workforce.
Cotton Gin
• machine for cleaning cotton; a machine for
separating seeds, husks, and other unwanted
material from cotton fiber
Telegraph
• long-distance communication through wires, a
method of long-distance communication by
coded electric impulses transmitted through
wires