Transcript 1450-1750 The World Shrinks

1450-1750
The World Shrinks
Big Picture
• Why did Europe become the dominant
power during this time period?
– b/c they wanted OR technological superiority
• Why did some of the European nationstates develop vast empires while others
did not?
Big Picture
• What were some of the differences among
the ways in which non-European cultures
interacted with Europe?
– Why?
– What were the consequences?
– Why different degrees of interaction?
Big Picture
• How did the global economy change
during this time period?
Major European Developments
• Transition out of feudalism
• Renaissance
– Humanism
– Decline in power of Catholic Church
– Art & Architecture
C/C Art in the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance
• Medieval entirely
religious
• Flat and stiff
• Renaissance both
religious and secular
• realistic
Major European Developments
• Gutenberg’s Printing Press
• Protestant Reformation
– Martin Luther—1517 95 Thesis
– John Calvin
– King Henry VIII
• Counter Revolution—Council of Trent
– End investiture
– Jesuits established
Protestant Reformation
• Previous skirmishes were about papal
political authority
• Luther’s was about theological and the
pope’s religious role
• Paved the way for revolutions in politics
and science
Major European Developments
• Scientific Revolution
– Copernicus
– Galileo
– Scientific Method
– Deism
Church defends itself on 2 Fronts
• Both the Protestant Reformation and the
Scientific Revolution challenged the
absolute authority of the pope.
– Reformation on religious grounds
– Scientific on scientific and mathematical
grounds
– Both equally as influential
Major European Developments
• Enlightenment
– Role of the mankind in relation to the
government
– Greatly influenced the framers of the US
Constitution
– Challenge divine right
– Social contract
Enlightenment
• Thomas Hobbes—people were naturally
evilneed absolute monarchy as long as
benevolent (social contract)
• John Locke—optimistic view of mankind;
born free w/inalienable rights; govt should
rule in the interest of people; bad
government should be replaced
Enlightenment
• Jean Jacques Rousseau—all men equal
and society should represent the general
will (majority rule)
• Montesquieu—separation of powers
• Voltaire—freedom speech and religious
toleration
• Enlightened despots—Joseph II of Austria,
Frederick II of Prussia and the Russians
Major European Developments
• Exploration & Expansion
– Prince Henry the Navigator
– Vasco de Gama
– Christopher Columbus
– Treaty of Tordesillas
– Conquistadors—Cortes and Pizzaro
Exploration & Expansion
• Technology required:
– Sternpost rudder (Chinese)
– Lateen sails
– Astrolabe (Arab)
– Magnetic Compass (Chinese)
– Three-Masted Caravels
C/C Expansion in the Americas v.
Empire Building Elsewhere
• Romans, Mongols, Muslims—either
allowed existing cultural traditions or
converted to their way of doing things
• America the population was wiped out +
moved in a large # of new people
Exploration & Expansion
• Encomienda System—American
Feudalism
– Social hierarchy
• Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattos
• viceroys
• African Slave Trade—Middle Passage
• Columbian Exchange
Demographic Shifts
• Aztecs and Incas wiped out
• Huge cities were depopulated
• Europeans moved by the hundreds of
thousands
• Millions of Africans were forced to migrate
• Middle Class gets rich with trade
Commercial Revolution
• Joint stock company
– Banking & investing
– Monopoly on a trade good or area
– Middle class $$
• Mercantilism
– Favorable balance of trade
Europe
• Spain
– Ferdinand & Isabella
– Philip II—Spanish Inquisition & Armada
• England
– Henry VIII—Act of Supremacy
– Elizabeth—arts
– James I—English translation of Bible
– Charles IOliver CromwellCharles II
Europe
• France
– Huguenots—French Protestants
– Louis XIV—Versailles; “Sun King”
• Germany (Holy Roman Empire—sort of)
– Divided
– Thirty Years’ War 1618—Protestants vs.
Catholics; Peace of Westphalia
Ottoman Empire
• 1450-1922
• 1453 Fall of Constantinople
• Janissaries—enslaved Christian children
and turned them into fighting warriors
• Main expansion under Selim I
• Suleiman I (the Maginficent) didn’t focus
on war, but on art (Golden Age)
Russia
• Third Rome—Moscow
• Ivan III declared free of Mongol rule
• Ivan IV est absolute rule, czar; unite and
expand; St. Basils
• Cossacks—peasants to settle frontiers
• Time of Troubles
• Michael Romanov 1613
• Peter the Great—westernization & military
• Catherine the Great—increased serfdom &
gained westward to the Med Sea
Westernization of Russia
• Peter & Catherine are important b/c they
positioned Russia for engagement with the
rest of the world, esp the West
• It gained sea access to the West by the
Baltic and Black Seas
• Cultural access to West
• C/C to China & Japan that repelled the
West from their shores; Russia actively
engaged
India
• Babur claimed descend from Genghis
Khan; Muslim; defeated Delhi Sultanate
and est Mughal Empire
• United entire subcontinent
• Akbar—religious toleration—Golden Age
• Shah Jahan—Taj Mahal
• Religious toleration ended & Europeans
arrived
– Est ports in Goa, Bombay & Calcutta
China
• Yuan—Mongols
• Ming
– Zheng He then isolation
• Qing from Manchuria
– Allowed European trade thru ports
– When felt threatened expelled them; Canton
Japan
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Shoguns still ruled; emperor a figure head
1542 traded with Europe to acquire guns
Christian missionaries
1600 Tokugawa Ieyasu est Tokugawa
Shogunate (Edo period)—strict rule; took
away power from daimyo
• Caste system (warrior, farmer, artisan,
merchant)
• National Seclusion Act 1635
C/C India, China & Japan on
European Aggression
• Japan reacted most decisively
• China & India both allowed trade and
occupation of ports
• China began to limit under the Manchus
• India was less suspecting and will pay
dearly
What About the Non-European
Culture? Why was their interaction
with the West so varied?
• China & Japan highly organized; fewer
Europeans there
• Africa was fragmented, but not interested
in running over b/c could trade easily
• Americas overwhelmed with disease and
technology
• Ottoman Empire was limited b/c avoided
overland trade routes
What about the Global Economy?
• Sailing diminished need for Asian overland
routes
• Mercantilism required dependence on est of
imperialism married economic and political
developments
• Joint-stock companies took major economic
motivation out of the hands of government; more
people had a stake in trade routes and
conquests
• B/C the benefits of economic prosperity were
diffused among a larger group of individuals the
govt began to lose grip on control