Transcript Unit 4 Review - Cobb Learning

Renaissance
“Rebirth” of Greco-Roman Ideas, Art , and Architecture
Florence, Italy
A center of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities
of the time. Florence is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance.
Medici Family
“The Godfathers of the Renaissance”
Giovanni de'Medici (1360-1429) was born into a relatively poor Florentine family and
received only a nominal inheritance when his father died. He founded the Medici Bank
in 1397, which became the most successful bank in Florence by his death in 1429.
Classicism
Clarity in style, adhering to principles
of elegance and symmetry, and
created by attention and adherence to
traditional forms.
“Renaissance Man”
A person whose expertise spans a significant number of different
subject areas. (Leonardo da Vinci, for example)
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo
Realism
Realism in the visual arts
and literature is the
general attempt to depict
subjects as they exist in
objective reality, without
embellishment or
interpretation and "in
accordance with secular,
empirical rules.
Perspective
‘The School of Athens’ by Raphael (1518), a fine example of architectural perspective
with a central vanishing point.
Humanism
Beginning in the late 1300s, a group of scholars centered in the Italian city-state of Florence
began to look to the past for inspiration. These scholars were later called humanists because
they stressed human innovation instead of spiritualism. The humanists studied the classics –
the works of the ancient Greeks and Romans. In the works of the classics, Renaissance
scholars found a way of thinking similar to their own time. They believed this outlook had
not been explored since the fall of Greece and Rome.
Machiavelli
Petrarch
Dante Alighieri
The Divine Comedy is an epic poem written by Dante Alighieri between 1308 and his
death in 1321. The poem describes Dante's travels through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven;
but at a deeper level, it represents allegorically the soul's journey towards God.
Erasmus
“Prince of Humanists”
Erasmus lived against the backdrop of the
growing European religious Reformation;
but while he was critical of the abuses
within the Church and called for reform,
he kept his distance from Luther and
continued to recognize the authority of the
pope. Erasmus emphasized a middle way,
with a deep respect for traditional faith,
piety and grace, and rejected Luther's
emphasis on faith alone.
William Shakespeare
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century schism within Western Christianity
initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants, who objected to
("protested") the doctrines, rituals, and structure of the Roman Catholic Church.
This led to the creation of Protestant churches.
Indulgences
By making a contributing money
to the church, a sinner would
receive a partial indulgence not to
commit further sins, while at the
same time, diminishing the time
period that he was to suffer in
purgatory for remission of his sins.
Martin Luther
Ninety-Five Theses
The Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences was
written by Martin Luther in 1517 and is widely regarded as the initial
catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. The act was a protest against
clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences to limit time in purgatory.
John Calvin
A Christian theologian and pastor,
John Calvin regularly preached
sermons in Geneva, Switzerland.
He preached the doctrine of
predestination and the absolute
sovereignty of God. Calvin's
writing and preachings provided
the seeds for the branch of
theology that bears his name,
Calvinism. The Reformed and
Presbyterian churches have spread
the theology of Calvinism
throughout the world.
Counter Reformation
Its aim was to reclaim the superiority of the Roman Catholic Church during the
Protestant Reformation.
Council of Trent
After 20-years of debate, the
Council of Trent established
the basis for Catholic Counter
Reformation. Decrees were
issued covering every aspect
of Church authority, from the
chastity of priests to reform of
the monasteries.
Jesuits
Ignatius Loyola was charged with forming the Jesuits, a band of militant missionaries
whose task was to reconvert the converted.
Johann Gutenberg
Prince Henry the
Navigator
Portuguese Naval Academy – Development of the caravel, lateen sail, and
navigational maps
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange, also known as the Grand Exchange, was the exchange of animals,
plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), disease, and ideas between the Americas
and Afro-Eurasia following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492.
Gold, Glory, God
The Spanish that explored and conquered parts of the New World had
three basic ideas that motivated them--Gold, Glory, and God.
Mercantilism
Wealth is Power – Power is Wealth
Mercantilism is the economic doctrine that government control of foreign trade is of
paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the country. In particular, it
demands a positive balance of trade. It required building a network of overseas colonies,
forbidding colonies to trade with other nations and the monopolizing markets.
Caravel
A caravel is a small, highly
maneuverable sailing ship
developed in the 15th century by
the Portuguese to explore along
the West African coast and into
the Atlantic Ocean. Caravels were
much used by the Portuguese for
the oceanic exploration voyages
during the 15th and 16th
centuries in the age of discovery.
Lateen Sail
The lateen (triangular) sails gave a Portuguese caravel speed and the capacity for sailing
windward. (upwind)
Vasco de Gama
James Cook
Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was the stage of the
triangular trade in which millions of
people from Africa were shipped to the
New World, as part of the Atlantic slave
trade.
Northern
Renaissance
Vernacular
A vernacular is the native language or
native dialect of a specific population.
Martin Luther translated the Bible into the
German vernacular, which was the first
non-Latin version of The Bible.
The Inquisition
The Inquisition was a Roman Catholic tribunal for discovery and punishment of religious
heresy, which was marked by the severity of questioning, torture, punishment and lack of
rights afforded to the accused.
Qing Dynasty
In 1644, northern invaders from Manchuria
conquered China & created the second foreign
dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing Dynasty
Manchus
During this era of Manchu rule,
China grew to its largest size by claiming Taiwan,
central Asia, Mongolia, & Tibet
Kangxi
Kangxi was the first emperor to tour
China & visit peasant villages
But, Emperor Kangxi earned Chinese respect
by keeping Confucian beliefs, lowering taxes,
& restoring peace and prosperity to China
Shinto
Japan’s isolation gave rise to a unique Japanese
culture, most specifically the Shinto religion
Shinto is a
polytheistic religion
based on the
respect of nature &
ancestor worship
Shinto worshipers
believed in divine
spirits called kami
that live in nature
The most important
of the Shinto gods is
the sun goddess who
gave light to the world
Japanese Feudalism
By the mid-1000s, the imperial gov’t
grew weak, regional landowners
gained power,
& Japan became lawless &
dangerous
As a result, Japan
developed a feudal system
Daimyo
Farmers traded land to strong
warlords called daimyo who
offered protection
Samurai
Daimyo were served by
loyal warriors called
samurai
Shogun
In 1192, the first
shogun was named
by the emperor
The emperor remained
in place, but the shogun
held real power & ruled
as military dictators
Shoguns’ power varied
over time, but the
pattern of gov’t
controlled by a shogun
lasted until 1867
Tokugawa Shogunate
In 1603, Tokugawa became shogun of Japan, moved
to capital to Edo (later called Tokyo), & restored gov’t
& order to Japan
Tokugawa ruled until 1615, but he created a line of
succession called the Tokugawa Shogunate that ruled
Japan until 1867
Isolationism
Tokugawa shoguns decided to
exclude foreign merchants &
missionaries
By 1639, Japan
adopted a
“closed country
policy” &
ended almost all
foreign contacts