Transcript Unit 2 Reviewx

Reformation, Crisis, and State
Building
0 Europe underwent several pivotal events that shaped the
political landscape that would last all the way to present
day. This unit makes heavy use of the individual and
society (by monarchs reintroducing serfdom in lands such
as Prussia and Russia), states and other institutions of
power (by the increase in parliament in England, the duma
in Russia, as well as the use of absolutism in monarchies),
objective knowledge and subjective visions (as seen in the
Reformation and protestant divides), poverty and
prosperity (monarchies rewarding nobility and increasing
taxation on peasants), and finally interaction of Europe and
the world (by the exploration and conquests in the New
World as well as the increase in trade).
Primary Contributions
0 The severance of Protestants and Catholics by Martin
Luther as well as subsequent divides and religious
beliefs (i.e.: nationalized churches, Wars of Religion)
0 Absolutism by monarchs such as Louis XIV to
centralize rule
0 Change to an economy based on mercantilism
0 End of the Holy Roman Empire and the subsequent
disunity of the German States
0 Emergence of France as the major power in Europe.
0 Art Periods (Baroque, French Classicism, etc.)
If Dennis and Sri Lanka could
have googled(Top 5 Googles):
0 When is Jesus coming? (Anabaptists New Jerusalem
under John of Leiden)
0 How to join my local peasant revolt chapter? (German
peasant revolts)
0 Tickets for Versailles tour (Absolutism and the
grandest place in Europe)
0 Must I conscript into the army? (Sweden’s armed
forces)
0 Pope Cam (Since the pope is having to deal with all of
the religious issues).
Social Media
0 @theREALLouLou #ShoveItDownYourGullet (Louis XIV’s
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illustration of wielding absolute power)
@Denn15-16#Who’sMyPrince? s/o PzOfAugsburg (As a
result of the Peace of Augsburg to allow religious choice by
Princes)
@Charlreykoenig: Can I have my empire back @Luther?
I’m tired of #Extremadura…
@theOGputinPeter: @theREALLouLou thanks for being an
example of how France is the suppository of all etiquette ;).
@CrumblyCromwell: Remember loyal subjects, every day
is #ActofSupremacy day. Don’t be an #CatofAra 
Political Theory
0 Spokesman: Louis XIV (@theREALLouLou)
0 Absolutism
0 Under Louis XIV’s absolutism, he strengthened himself by
reducing noble power, centralizing a church that the
emperor/king could control, increasing exports, raising
taxes, reducing the power of the parliament, etc.
0 Prussian Feudalism
0 Under Fredrick William (@SillyWilly), in return for power,
he permitted feudal government in his kingdom
More political theory 
0 Absolutism
0 Centralized
0 Powerful monarch/politique
0 Nobility decreases in power
0 Church ? < state
0 Controlled & Unified religion
0 Expansion in foreign policy
0 Strong Army
0 Taxation system
Political Events
0 1519- The election of Charles V as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
He would be responsible for dealing with the Protestant Reformation
and the trials of Martin Luther in the Holy Roman Empire.
0 1521-1525- German Peasant Revolts in the Holy Roman Empire break
out. Due to the gentry not seeing economic prosperity or a decrease in
taxation (as a result of increase in taxation), German peasants unleashed
terror across the HRE and were ultimately suppressed by princes.
0 1530- Diet of Augsburg by Charles V occurs. Charles V officially requires
all princes to return to Catholicism and crush any protestant increases.
0 1534- Act of Supremacy is passed by the English Parliament. The
document requires that all individuals in the English realm to
recognized Henry VIII as the supreme leader of the Church of England.
This was enforced by the Act of Treason.
Political Events (cont.)
0 1555- Peace of Augsburg under Charles V. Due to increased
protestant tension against Catholics, Charles V officially
recognizes the split between Christians and permits
Protestantism to be accepted throughout his empire (his low
point of his reign).
0 1562- French Wars of Religion occur in France as a result of a
disputed monarchial rule. Under the 3 Henrys in the sixteenth
century, Henry III, Henry Guise, and Henry of Navarre fought for
control. Henry of Navarre emerged as victorious.
0 1572- St. Bartholomew’s Day in France. The massacre of
protestant Huguenots occurred as a result for France to return to
complete Catholicism.
0 1648- Treaty of Westphalia, followed by the Treaty of the
Pyrenees. This was officially responsible for ending the French
Wars of Religion.
European Interaction with the
World
0 Europe is still mainly isolated. However, expeditions to the
New World stimulate trade and new ideas as a result of the
Colombian Exchange under explorers. The Netherlands
begins to profit from trade and ultimately becomes a trade
capital for Europe. England also begins to set up locations
for colonization and is eventually responsible for becoming
the dominant power in the New World. Spain continues to
discover deep into Central and Latin America destroying
Native American settlements. At the moment, no extreme
interaction between Europe and the rest of the world is
occurring—the new world is currently thebomb.com for
Europe.
Continued…
0 From last unit:
0 Exploration and colonization (WE DID NOT READ ABOUT
THIS but it is good to remember this as context)
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Columbus
Da Gama
Magellan
Balboa
Conquistadors
Columbian Exchange
Triangle Trade
Slave Trade
Economic Theory
0 Mercantilism
0 Spokesman: Colbert
0 Through mercantilism, helps to propel Russia as a
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power onto the European stage.
Trade: Exports > Imports
Taxing imports (tariffs)
Improving manufacturing
Bullion
Colonies
Infrastructure
Strong involvement by government
Religious Changes and Trends
The Reformation and all of its facets and aftereffects
is the main religious change and trend.
Key religious figures include:
Luther
Calvin
Zwingli
Henry VIII/The Archbishop of Canterbury.
Social Issues
0 Nobles vs. Monarchs (feudalism and revolt!)
0 State education
0 Women- still are considered to be inferior (more
opportunities in the domestic sphere)
0 Religion!
Philosophical Movement
0 Spokesman: Erasmus
0 Erasmus was the intellectual responsible for the
advancement of Christian humanism and the
northern renaissance, which inspired reform of the
church and the reformation movement, which
inspired the religious wars, and then, in turn,
important developments such as Absolutism and
the treaty of Westphalia. He wrote the Handbook of
the Christian Prince and The Praise and Folly
Scientific Movement
0 From last unit to now:
0 Scientific Revolution (WE DID NOT COVER THIS in
this unit, but it is good to help establish context)
0 Kepler
0 Galileo
0 Copernicus
0 Brahe
0 Newton
0 Harvey
Cultural Advances
0 The cultural advances of this post-renaissance
world are Mannerism, an expression of religious
confusion, Baroque, sense of pervading power of
the time, French Classicism, a rebuke to Baroque
and characterized by harmony, structure, and order,
and Dutch Realism, a representation of everyday
Dutch life.
I.D.s
0 Louis XIV-The absolute monarch of France who established the European
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president for absolute monarchy.
Peter the Great-The absolute monarch of Russia who brought Russia onto
the European stage through the pursuance of European culture,
mercantilism, and absolutism.
English Parliament-The real winners of the English Civil War and the
Glorious Revolution, contrary to what was going on with absolutism on
the Continent, parliament was able to increase its power over the English
monarch and did so through the establishment of a constitutional
monarchy in England.
Frederick William the Elector-The hereditary ruler of the states of
Brandenburg and Prussia, Frederick William began to acquire more
territory in Northeast Germany and to build a powerful player on the
European stage.
Schmakaldic Wars-The culmination and affirmation of the gains of the
Protestant Reformation in the Holy Roman Empire.
More I.D.s
0 30 Years’ War-A big step in the history of Europe as the effective end of
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religious warfare on the continent and the beginning of the modern state
system.
Martin Luther-The priest who began the Protestant Reformation in the
Holy Roman Empire and separated from the Catholic Church, creating
Lutheranism.
Erasmus-The chief philosopher of Christian Humanism and the Northern
Renaissance, wrote The Praise and Folly which started the movement
and desires for reform in the church.
John Calvin-Another Protestant Reformer, created Calvinism which was
responsible for religious upheaval in France and elsewhere.
Ottoman Turks-The last of the great Islamic caliphates. As the western
advance of the Ottomans was halted at Vienna, the golden age of Islam
came to an end, and European dominance of world politics began to
proliferate.