Transcript File - Corkill`s World History

Post-Classical World
History
600 to 1450 CE
Common Themes
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Post-classical political developments
Nomadic empires
Impact of interaction
Recovery and Renaissance in Asia and Europe
American Civilizations
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Sui Dynasty (581-618 CE)
• Used Buddhism & Confucian civil service
examination to establish legitimacy
• Grand Canal
• Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)
– Political Development
• Scholars over soldiers
• China expanded to Tibet & Korea
• Supported Buddhism first; Daoism, and
Confucianism were less important
• High taxation led to tension and peasant rebellions
• Korea, Japan, & Vietnam became tributary states
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Tang Dyansty (Cont.)
– Economic Developments
• Silk Road security
• Equal-field system
– Cultural Developments
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Heavily influenced by spread of Buddhism
Empress Wu … increased influence
Anti-Buddhist campaign
Rise of Neo-Confucianism
Poetry = Li Bai, Du Fu
Kowtow practiced .. Superiority over foreigners
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
– Political Development
• Re-established centralized rule
• Civil service exam retained
• Checked power of aristocracy while a powerful,
moral elite rose alongside
• De-emphasized military approach of Tang
• Paid tribute to neighboring nomadic powers
• Military & economic weakness eventually led to
their fall to the Mongols in 1279.
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Song (cont.)
– Economic Development
• Economic revolution – rice from Vietnam, internal trade
flourished from Grand Canal, population growth, cannons,
moveable type, water-powered mills, high-quality porcelain,
paper money, “flying cash”, magnetic compass
– Cultural Developments
• Women could keep their dowries and could access new jobs.
• Also subject to footbinding
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Islamic Caliphates
– Islam: The Religion
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Muhammad (570-632 CE)
Kaaba
Allah
Mecca & Medina
Quran
Five Pillars
Universal religion
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Islamic Caliphates (cont.)
– Political Developments
• Shia-Sunni split
• Umayyad Caliphate - Damascus (661 CE)
• Abbasid Caliphate – Baghdad
– “Golden Age” of Islam
– Dar-al-Islam
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Islamic Caliphates (cont.)
– Economic Developments
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Trade flourished
Improved irrigation
Increase in tax revenues
Artisans flourished: pottery, fabrics, rugs
Paper mills set up (Chinese influence)
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Islamic Caliphates (cont.)
– Cultural Developments
• Mosques, hospitals, schools, orphanages
• Algebra, latitude & longitude, spread of Greek
Hellenism
• Universities: Cordoba, Toledo, Granada (AlAndalus, aka Spain)
• Art & Architecture: images were forbidden; use of
geometric shapes & calligraphy
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Byzantine Empire
– Political Developments
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Eastern Roman Empire
Justinian
Greek language
Strong central government
Great laws, efficient military, land distribution,
elaborate bureaucracy, theme system
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Byzantine Empire (cont.)
– Economic Developments
• Excellent location for controlling trade
• Silk worms smuggled out of China > strong silk
industry developed
• Glassware, linen, jewelry, gold, silversmithing
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Byzantine Empire (cont.)
– Cultural Developments
• Greek
• Theoretically, social mobility was possible but was
rare
• Constantinople > political, commercial, and
intellectual center w/ great libraries
• Split w/ western Church in 1054
• Eastern Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Western Europe (500-1000 CE)
– Political Development
• Frankish Kingdom
• Charlemagne
• Feudal system – lack of strong central gov’t
– Economic Developments
• Serfdom
• Manors
• No surplus of food so Europe lagged behind
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Western Europe (500-1000 CE)
– Cultural Developments
• Birth = status
• Noblewomen had a lot more power than peasant
women
• Nunneries = escape for women to be treated equally
• Code of Chivalry
• Christianity = religious, moral, and cultural
authority of this time w/ strong papacy
• Role of monasteries
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Japan (600-1000 CE)
– Political Developments
• Impact of geography
• Yamato Clan > emperors of Japan
– Failed to centralize Japanese state
• Fujiwara Clan (710-785 CE)
– Modeled Japan after China
– Unsuccessful w/ Chinese-style bureaucracy
– Strict hierarchy developed instead
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Japan (600-1000 CE)
– Political Developments (cont.)
• Kamakura Shogunate
– Feudalism
– Shogun
– Daimyo
– Samurai
– Bushido
– Role of emperor
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Japan (600-1000 CE)
– Economic Developments
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Predominantly an agrarian society
Artisans > weavers, carpenters, ironworkers
Local trade regulated by clans
Kamakura period > foreign trade w/ Korea and
China
• Peasants were very similar to serfs in Europe
• “Genin”
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Japan (600-1000 CE)
– Cultural Developments
• Buddhism popular but Shintoism maintained its
respected traditions
• Adopted Chinese technology, written language,
and Buddhism (Zen Buddhism)
• Heian Period (794-1185) – Chinese contact cut off
and focus on Japanese cultural values
– Tale of Genji – women were highly regarded
– By the end of this period women began to lose power
Nomadic Empires
• Vikings (800-1000 CE)
• Scandinavia
• Seasonal raids to supplement low farm production
• Viking boats > terrorized coastal communities in
France, Scotland, Ireland, & England
• Greenland & Iceland
• Normans (aka “Northmen”) > Normandy
• 1066 > William the Conqueror
Nomadic Empires
• Turks (1000-1450)
• Central Asian steppes
• Often hired as mercenaries
• Seljuk Turks (1055) > captured Baghdad
– 1071 – defeated the Byzantines and took most of
modern Turkey
• Afghan Turks
– Series of raids into India in the 10th century
– Began Delhi Sultanate in India (1206-1526)
Nomadic Empires
• Mongols (1200-1550)
• World’s largest empire > mobility
• Genghis Khan
– “Submit and live. Resist and die
– Every male, 15-70, had to serve
– Unique military strategies
– Took Central Asia, Tibet, Northern China, and
Persia
– Died in 1227
Mongol kingdoms
• Mongols (1200-1550)
• China: Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368)
– Kublai Khan
– Style of rule?
• Middle East: The Ilkhanates
– 1258 – Hulegu > defeated Abbasids
– Style of rule? … many converted to Islam
• Russia: The Golden Horde
– Batu – heavy taxes – Moscow collected – Kiev resisted
• Pax Mongolica
– For nearly 100 years Eurasia was united
– Mongol Exchange
• Mongol decline … Mamluks (Egypt), Japanese
Kamikaze, overspending led to inflation
Impact of Interaction
• West African Kingdoms
– Ghana (500-1200 CE)
• Trans-Saharan Trade
• Gold, ivory, slaves, salt, horses, cloth
• Arrival of Islam (10th century)
– Mali (1235-1400’s)
• Islamic conversion encouraged
• Mansa Musa
• Timbuktu > êntrepot
Impact of Interaction
• Christianity in North & East Africa (~1st
century CE)
• Egypt & Ethiopia (Coptic Christians)
• Unique style of architecture
• East African City-States (900-1500)
• Indian Ocean Trade
• Mogadishu, Kilwa, Sofala … Swahili city-states
• Zimbabwe
Impact of Interaction
• Europe during the High Middle Ages
(1000-1450)
• ~1100 CE pre-modern economy was evolving
• Breakdown of feudalism = growth of towns &
commercial cities emerged
– Bruges, Hamburg, Florence
• Service providers & craftspeople set up in these
towns
• These cities began to plan their growth, regulate
businesses, and collect taxes
• Wealthy towns (Italy) invested in beautification
Impact of Interaction
• Crusades (1095-1204)
– Series of Christian holy wars conducted against
infidels
– Pope Urban II
– 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Crusades
– Christian Europe gains trade & technology
• Long Distance Trade
– Silk Road
– Trans-Saharan
– Indian Ocean
– Mediterranean
Impact of Interaction
• Missionary Campaigns
• Buddhism
– Theravada & Mahayana Buddhism
– Central Asia – Tibet
– Personal salvation
– Korea & Japan
– Zen Buddhism – syncretism – Buddhism & Shintoism
• Christianity
– Both east & west spread Christianity
– Christian syncretism?
– Nestorian Christians
Impact of Interaction
• Missionary Campaigns
• Islam
– Spread: military conquest OR trade & missionary
activity
– Tolerance
– Sufi missionaries (after 900 CE)
– Islam in Africa …. Syncretism
• Travelers
• Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo, Rabban Sauma
Impact of Interaction
– The Spread of Diseases
• Black Plague
• Trade routes impact
• Population decrease = labor shortage = decrease
in serfdom
• Anti-Semitism grew
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
• Chinese Political Development
– Ming
– “comeback kids” (1368-1644) – Hongwu
– Eliminated all evidence that the Mongols ever ruled
– Civil service examination
– Mandarins = class of powerful officials
– Temporarily supported Chinese exploration (Zheng He)
– Rebuilt irrigation systems & agrarian production
improved
– Porcelain, silk, and cotton actively traded
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
• European Political Development
• By the 1400’s, regional kingdoms replaced by
strong, powerful monarchies (France, England,
Spain)
• Key = professional, standing armies paid with
taxes
• Competition among these states led to a
refinement and improvement in weapons, ships,
and technology
• These states now positioned to dominate the
world
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
• Chinese Intellectual Developments
• Neo-Confucian schools
• Self-discipline, filial piety, and obedience to
rulers stressed
• Yongle Encyclopedia
• Printing, novels, poetry
• Jesuit missionaries in China (Matteo Ricci) …
Chinese interested in European technology, not
Christianity
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
• European Intellectual Developments
• Renaissance “rebirth”
• Contact w/ Islamic world = Greek & Roman texts
• Painters, sculptors, and writers drew inspiration
from the Greco-Roman world
• Humanists
• Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles??
• Medici family (Florence)
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
• Chinese Exploration
• 1405-1433
• Seven massive naval expeditions to re-establish
Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean network
• Spy mission?
• Zheng He
• Why did Ming order explorations to stop?
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
• European Exploration
• Impact of Renaissance?
• Gold, God, Glory
• Eastern spices in high demand … Ottoman
Empire’s impact?
• Portuguese were FIRST, Spanish SECOND
• Henry the Navigator
• Vasco da Gama
• Christopher Columbus
• Naval race??
American Civilizations
• Maya (300-900 CE)
• Borrowed Olmec traditions
– Agricultural economy
– Distinctive temple complexes and massive
pyramids
– Ritualistic polytheism
– Urban areas with thousands of people
– Independent city-states, linked by trade
– Staple diet of maize (corn) and beans
American Civilizations
• Aztec (1400-1521)
– Aka. … Mexica
– Militant warrior tradition
– Rule by severe despots
– Priestly class to oversee rituals, including human
sacrifice
– Large urban capital (Tenochtitlan) ~ 150,000 people
– Agricultural economy with cacao beans sometimes
used as currency
– Decentralized network of city-states that paid tribute
American Civilizations
• Inca (1400-1540)
– Centralized empire with its capital at Cuzco
– Extensive, irrigated agricultural economy adapted to
the rugged terrain of the Andes
– Large urban centers
– Polytheistic religion centered on worship of the sun
– Patriarchal society with few rights for women
– Privileged noble class, headed by a king (Inca) in
which royal ancestors revered and worshipped
(mummification)
– No written language
– Impressive achievements in building with cut stone