Transcript 30yrswar - Kenston Local Schools

The Thirty Years War
Brittany Barnwell
May 5, 2008
1618-1648
Basically…
• A massive civil war in Germany
• b/w Protestants and Roman Catholics
• Started as a religious war with political
overtones
• Ended as a political war with religious
overtones; the Hapsburg power was
threatened; struggle for power b/w Austria
and France
Basically…
• The Hohenzollerns expand their holdings
• The German states
– remain divided
– pose no threat to their neighbors
– they don’t play a highly significant role in
European affairs for the rest of the century
Pre-War
Peace of Augsburg of 1555
• Recognized the
independent power of
the German princes
– The prince determined
the religion of his
subjects
Peace of Augsburg
• Further undermined
any authority of the
central government
• The Hapsburg ruler in
Vienna had the title of
“emperor” but had no
imperial power
Conflicts
• Catholics grew alarmed because
Lutherans were converting several
German bishops
– a violation of the Peace of Augsburg
• Calvinists ignored the Peace of Augsburgconverted several princes
• Lutheran princes formed the Protestant
Union; Catholics formed the Catholic
League
Conflicts continued…
• Charles V abdicated
in 1556
– Divided possessions
b/w his son Philip II
and brother Ferdinand
I
– Ferdinand inherited
the Hapsburg lands in
central Europe
(Austria)
Charles V
• Matthias’s (Ferdinand’s
grandson) heir was his
Catholic cousin
Ferdinand of Styria who
became King of
Bohemia
Ferdinand of Styria and Bohemia
• The Bohemians were Czech and German;
Lutheran, Calvinist, Catholic, and Hussite.
• Ferdinand began to close some Protestant
churches; Protestant Estates of Bohemia
protested
• May 23, 1618- Protestants threw two of
Ferdinand’s officials from a castle window
in Prague
– Called the “Defenestration of Prague”
Defenestration of Prague
• Marked the beginning of the Thirty Year’s
War
• Signaled Protestant uprising in Hungary,
Transylvania, and
Bohemia
Defenestration of Prague
First Phase/ Bohemian Phase
(1618-1625)
Bohemian Phase
War in Bohemia
• Characterized by civil war between…
– Catholic League led by Ferdinand
– Protestant Union led by Prince Frederick of
the Palatinate
• The Bohemians fought for religious liberty
and independence from Hapsburg rule
Ferdinand
Ferdinand vs. Frederick
• 1618- the Bohemian Estates deposed
Ferdinand, who inherited the throne; gave
crown of Bohemia to Frederick
• Ferdinand II received support from
Maximilian I of Bavaria
– HRE and Bavari troops, commanded by
Baron Tilly, invaded Bohemia
Frederick
Ferdinand vs. Frederick
continued…
• November 8, 1620- Frederick was
defeated at the Battle of the White
Mountain
• Frederick fled to Holland
• Ferdinand of Styria (Ferdinand II) gained
throne; wiped out Protestantism in
Bohemia
• Within 10 years, Bohemia was completely
Catholic
Results
• Catholic control of Palatinate
• Restoration of Catholicism in Bohemia
• Punishments against Bohemian
Protestants by the Austrian Hapsburgs
• The Hapsburgs and Spanish had an iron
grip on Europe
Hapsburg Crest
2nd Phase/ Danish Phase
(1625-1629)
Danish Phase
• Was called because of the participation of
King Christian IV of Denmark
– Wanted to maintain Protestantism in Denmark
• Albrecht von Wallerstein, led a Catholic
imperial army
– Raised an independent army of 50,000
– Won many victories through Silesia,
Schleswig, Jutland, Pomerania
King Christian
Albrecht von Wallerstein
• Made himself essential to Emperor
Ferdinand
• An opportunist who used his riches to
build an army loyal only to him
• Seemed more interested in carving out an
empire for himself than in helping the
Catholic cause
• Was fired by Ferdinand due to German
princes protesting
Defeated
• Christian defeated in 1626
• The Treaty of Lübeck on May 22, 1629
– Christian IV could keep control over Denmark;
He could not intervene in German affairs
• Hapsburg and Catholic victory
• Ferdinand issues the Edict of Restitution
Lübeck Flag
Danish Phase
Results: Edict of Restitution
• 1629- the Jesuits persuaded the emperor
Ferdinand to issue the Edict of Restitution
• Signed b/w Holy Roman Empire and
Denmark on March 6, 1629
– All Catholic properties lost to Protestantism
since 1552 were to be restored
– Only Catholics and Lutherans
were to be allowed to practice
their faiths; no Calvinism
Edict- Primary Source
“We herewith declare that the Religious Peace
[1555] refers only to the Augsburg confession as
it was submitted to our ancestor Emperor
Charles V on 25 June 1530; and that all other
doctrines and sects, whatever names they may
have, nit included in the Peace are forbidden
and cannot be tolerated. We therefore
command to all and everybody under
punishment of the religious and the land ban
that they shall at once cease opposing our
ordinance and carry it out in their lands and
territories and also assist our commissioners.”
Edict- Primary Source
“Such as hold the archbishoprics and bishoprics,
prelacies, monasteries, hospitals, etc., shall
forthwith return them to our Imperial
commissioners with all their
appurtenances. Should they not carry out this
behest they will not only expose themselves to
the Imperial ban and to the immediate loss of all
their privileges and rights without any further
sentence or condemnation, but to the inevitable
real execution of that order and be distrained by
force.”
Effect of Edict
• Protestants throughout
Europe feared collapse of
the balance of power in
north-central Europe (fear
of a strong Austrian
Empire)
• Unified opposition by
Calvinists and Lutherans
• Resulted in a great
transfer of power and
property away from
Protestants to Catholics;
thousands of Protestants
moved to other states
that were Protestant
3rd Phase/ Swedish Phase
(1630-1635)
Swedish Phase
Swedish Intervention
• Protestants liberate
territories lost in
second phase
• Began with the arrival
of Swedish King
Gustavus Adolphus in
Germany
– He intervened to
support the oppressed
Protestants within the
empire
Gustavus Adolphus
Success
• Sweden helped by France and Cardinal Richelieu
• 1631- Gustavus Adolphus and army victorious at
Breitenfeld; 1632- victorious at Lützen, defeated
Wallerstein
• When Gustavus landed in Germany, he had already
brought Denmark, Poland, Finland , and the smaller
Baltic states under Swedish influence
• Ended Hapsburg ambition of uniting all German states
under imperial rule
• 1632- Gustavus Adolphus died during the Battle of
Lüzen
The victory at Breitenfield
Primary Source
" I am the lion of the Midnight sun, I shall
fence you with renewed strength, for I fight
by the power of God, God helps those of
the right faith."
~Gustavus Adolphus
Catholics Fight Back
• When Adolphus invades, Ferdinand
brought back Albrecht
• The defeat of the Swedes at the Battle of
Nördlingen in 1634
• The French to enter the war on the side of
the Protestants
Battle of Nördlingen
4th Phase/ French Phase
(1635-1648)
Cardinal Richelieu
The International Phase
• The defeat of the Swedes at the Battle of
Nördlingen prompted the French to enter
the war
• May 1635- Cardinal Richelieu declared war on
Spain and sent financial and military assistance
to the Swedes and the German Protestant
princes
• French, Dutch and Swedes, supported by Scots,
Finns, and German mercenaries, burned, looted,
and destroyed German agriculture and
commerce
The International Phase
• The French and English help out the
Dutch (Northern Netherlands) in defeating
Spain
• All countries in Europe now participated in
the war
• This phase was the most destructive
• 1648- The Swedes and the French defeat
the Catholic Imperial army at the Battle of
Zusmarchausen and Lens.
Battle of Zusmarchausen and Lens
Why Thirty Years?
The war lasted so long because neither side had
the resources to win a quick, decisive victory
Peace
• Peace was achieved in October 24, 1648
• The treaties signed at Münster and
Osnabrück (the Peace of Westphalia)
– Marked a turning point in European political,
religious, and social history
Treaty of WestphaliaPrimary Source
“When the divisions and disorders which began several
years ago in the Roman Empire had grown to a point
was fixed for the meeting of the plenipotentiaries at
Osnabrück and at Munster in Westphalia. In accordance
with this the ambassadors plenipotentiary duly appointed
by both parties appeared at the said time and places
named, to wit . . . After invoking the aid of God and
exchanging their credentials, copies of which are
inserted word for word in the present treaty, they
arranged and agreed upon the articles of peace and
amity which follow, to the glory of God and for the
welfare of the Christian commonwealth; the electors,
princes, and estates of the Holy Roman Empire being
present and approving.”
Treaty of WestphaliaPrimary Source
“There shall be a Christian and Universal Peace, and a
perpetual, true, and sincere Amity, between his Sacred
Imperial Majesty, and his most Christian Majesty; as
also, between all and each of the Allies, and Adherents
of his said Imperial Majesty, the House of Austria, and its
Heirs, and Successors; but chiefly between the Electors,
Princes, and States of the Empire on the one side; and
all and each of the Allies of his said Christian Majesty,
and all their Heirs and Successors, chiefly between the
most Serene Queen and Kingdom of Swedeland, the
Electors respectively, the Princes and States of the
Empire, on the other part.”
Treaty of WestphaliaPrimary Source
“That this Peace and Amity be observ'd
and cultivated with such a Sincerity and
Zeal, that each Party shall endeavour to
procure the Benefit, Honour and
Advantage of the other; that thus on all
sides they may see this Peace and
Friendship in the Roman Empire, and the
Kingdom of France flourish, by
entertaining a good and faithful
Neighbourhood.”
Post- War
Peace of Westphalia- Political
• Recognized the
sovereign, independent
authority of the German
princes
– Each could govern his
particular territory (make
peace and war, etc.)
– 300 city states
The Peace Treaties of Westphalia
• Holy Roman Empire was
destroyed along with their
hope of restoring its
power
Peace of Westphalia- Political
• International stature of France and
Sweden was improved
– France acquired the province of Alsace;
France allowed to intervene in German affairs
– Sweden received money & jurisdiction over
German territories along Baltic Sea (NE
Germany)
• posed a serious threat to the future kingdom of
Brandenburg-Prussia
The signing of the Treaty
Peace of Westphalia- Political
• Independence of the United Provinces of
the Netherlands and Switzerland was
acknowledged from Spain
– Switzerland was unified into cantons
• Austria emerged separate of HRE;
became focus of Hapsburg rule
• Spain and Austria lost power
Signing the Treaty
Treaty of Westphalia- Political
• France, Sweden, and BrandenburgPrussia become superpowers
• Bavaria emerged as leading Catholic
power in S. Germany
• Brandenburg-Prussia received important
territories on N. Sea & in central Germany;
leading Lutheran power in N. Germany
France
Sweden
Treaty of Westphalia- Religious
• The Augsburg agreement of 1555 should
stay permanent
– Allowed Calvinism, along with Catholicism
and Lutheranism
– Catholic claims to Protestant territory
abandoned in HRE
• Protestants rights in Hapsburg lands were
not protected
Treaty of Westphalia- Religious
• Treaties denied the papacy the right to
participate in German religious affairs
– Symbolically reduced the role of the Church in
European politics
• Destroyed the HRE’s hope of restoring the
Catholic faith throughout the empire
• Pope protests
Results of War
• Germany suffered major loses
– Germany physically destroyed
– Lose large population
• Ended the dominance of the Mediterranean
states and economy in European affairs
• Amsterdam emerged as the great financial
center
• Diseases re-emerge
– Plague
The Plague
Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War
Results of War
• Ended all wars on religion
• Increase of power of other countries
• What countries fight for after this…
– Balance of power, diplomacy
– Conquering territories
• Regarding religious practices…
– The north German states remained Protestant
– The south German states remained Catholic
Social and Economic Impact
Population
Decreased 1600-1650 due to war, famine, and disease
(plague); steady recovery after 1650
Agriculture
Impact on crop prices (prices rose); low production
Prices
Price changes and price levels varied throughout Europe;
"There was a rise in real wages from about 1620 and the
wage earner was not necessarily in a bad position during the
war."
Trade
opened many avenues for trade; brought in a degree of
economic protectionism
Finance
The countries fighting in the war had to finance their
campaigns